Membrane filtration companies across MF, UF, NF, and RO, system design, skids, autopsy, and cleaning services.

    Find a Membrane Filtration Provider

    Matched providers: 131

    Top countries: United States, China

    Popular technologies: Reverse Osmosis (RO), Ultrafiltration (UF)

    Membrane Filtration Process Selection: MF, UF, NF, and RO Performance Comparison

    Membrane filtration is classified by pore size and operating pressure into four types: microfiltration (MF, pore size 0.1 to 1.0 micron, operating pressure 0.1 to 2.0 bar) removes suspended solids, protozoa (Cryptosporidium, Giardia), and bacteria above the pore size; ultrafiltration (UF, 0.005 to 0.1 micron, 0.5 to 5 bar) additionally removes viruses (partially), colloidal organic matter, and macromolecules; nanofiltration (NF, 0.001 to 0.01 micron, 3 to 15 bar) removes divalent ions (calcium, magnesium, sulphate), hardness, and large organic molecules while passing monovalent ions (sodium, chloride) at 20 to 50 percent; reverse osmosis (RO, 0.0001 to 0.001 micron, 5 to 70 bar) rejects 95 to 99.8 percent of all dissolved ions and organics.

    Process selection by application: drinking water from surface water sources - UF or MF provides 4-log Cryptosporidium reduction (US EPA LT2ESWTR credit) and physical barrier for pathogen removal, replacing conventional coagulation-sedimentation-filtration in some plants. Wastewater reuse - MBR (UF integrated with bioreactor) achieves direct non-potable reuse quality (BOD below 5, TSS below 1 mg per L). High-purity process water - RO plus CEDI for pharmaceutical and semiconductor. Brackish water or seawater desalination - BWRO or SWRO with UF pretreatment. Industrial effluent treatment - NF for selective concentration of divalent ions, enabling resource recovery or wastewater volume reduction before ZLD evaporation.

    Membrane system operational challenges include fouling (biological, organic, colloidal, and scaling) causing flux decline and TMP increase, managed by pretreatment (coagulation before MF/UF, SDI control before RO), chemical enhanced backwash (CEB: NaOCl weekly, citric acid monthly for MF/UF), and CIP (NaOH plus EDTA, citric acid for RO). Energy consumption: MF/UF approximately 0.05 to 0.3 kWh per m3 (low-pressure, gravity or low-pressure pump), NF 0.3 to 0.8 kWh per m3, BWRO 0.5 to 1.5 kWh per m3, SWRO 2.0 to 4.0 kWh per m3 (with ERD). Total membrane water treatment market: approximately $22 billion globally (2025 estimate), growing at 7 to 9 percent per year driven by water scarcity and reuse mandates.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?

    Microfiltration (MF, pore size 0.1 to 1.0 micron) removes particles, bacteria (0.2 to 2 microns), Cryptosporidium (4 to 6 microns), and Giardia (8 to 12 microns) by size exclusion. It does not reliably remove viruses (0.02 to 0.3 microns) which are smaller than MF pores. Operating pressure: 0.1 to 2.0 bar. Ultrafiltration (UF, pore size 0.005 to 0.1 micron) removes all bacteria and most viruses, colloidal organic matter, and macromolecules. US EPA LT2ESWTR gives 4-log Cryptosporidium credit to both MF and UF if direct integrity testing (pressure hold or vacuum test) demonstrates no integrity breaches. Virus removal credit (2 to 4 log) is given to UF systems with pore size below 0.05 microns. In practice, UF has replaced MF for most drinking water applications due to its broader pathogen removal spectrum at similar cost.

    How does nanofiltration differ from reverse osmosis?

    Nanofiltration (NF) operates at lower pressures (3 to 15 bar vs 8 to 70 bar for RO) and has higher water permeability, but rejects divalent ions selectively while allowing monovalent ions (Na+, Cl-, K+) to pass at 20 to 50 percent. This selectivity makes NF ideal for: hardness removal (calcium and magnesium rejection above 90 percent) while retaining some mineral content; colour and disinfection by-product precursor (DOC) removal; concentration of divalent salts for resource recovery; and softening of seawater or brackish water for industrial applications where low TDS is not the goal. RO rejects 95 to 99.8 percent of all ions including monovalent, producing near-pure water but also generating a high-volume, high-salinity reject stream. NF recovery is typically 75 to 85 percent vs 50 to 75 percent for SWRO and 70 to 85 percent for BWRO. NF energy consumption is 30 to 60 percent lower than BWRO for equivalent feed TDS.

    What pretreatment is needed before membrane filtration?

    Pretreatment requirements depend on membrane type and feed water. Before MF/UF for drinking water surface water: coagulation (alum or ferric, 2 to 10 mg per L) reduces colloidal organic fouling and improves NOM removal; pH adjustment to 6.5 to 7.5 improves coagulation; screening (1 mm wedgewire) removes fibrous material that blocks membrane modules. Before RO for drinking water: MF or UF pretreatment to achieve SDI below 5 (BWRO) or below 3 (SWRO); anti-scalant dosing; acid dosing to pH 6.5 to 7.0; free chlorine reduction to below 0.1 mg per L by sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) dosing (polyamide TFC membranes are chlorine-sensitive); 5-micron cartridge filter as last guard. Before RO for wastewater reclamation: secondary effluent at BOD below 20 mg per L, TSS below 10 mg per L; MF/UF or MBR pretreatment provides adequate feed for RO.

    How much does membrane filtration cost per cubic metre of water?

    Unit costs (treatment only, excluding intake, storage, and distribution): MF/UF for drinking water surface treatment: $0.05 to $0.15 per m3 (capital plus operating, 20-year lifecycle). NF for softening or colour removal: $0.15 to $0.40 per m3. BWRO for brackish groundwater desalination: $0.25 to $0.80 per m3 (wide range based on feedwater salinity and energy cost). SWRO for seawater desalination: $0.50 to $1.50 per m3 (includes brine disposal; lower end for large plants above 100 MLD in ideal conditions; higher end for small island or remote sites). MBR for wastewater treatment with reuse-quality effluent: $0.20 to $0.80 per m3. Cost drivers: energy (30 to 50 percent of OPEX for RO), membrane replacement (15 to 25 percent), and chemicals (10 to 20 percent). Costs decline with scale and have fallen 50 to 70 percent over the past 20 years due to improved membrane performance, energy recovery devices, and manufacturing scale.

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    Membrane Filtration Companies

    Membrane filtration companies across MF, UF, NF, and RO, system design, skids, autopsy, and cleaning services.

    131 providers

    This page is a good fit if you need:

    • Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultrafiltration (UF) capabilities
    • Suppliers with utilities sector experience
    • Providers operating in United States or China
    Providers
    131
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    How to choose a membrane filtration provider

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    15 claimed companies in this category

    Country

    United States31
    China25
    Netherlands18
    United Kingdom10
    Germany8

    Industry

    Utilities51
    Manufacturing49
    Waste Management and Remediation30
    food-beverage22
    manufacturing21

    Technology

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)42
    Ultrafiltration (UF)41
    Filtration32
    Nanofiltration (NF)27
    Ion Exchange26

    Find a Membrane Filtration Provider

    Showing 1-20 of 131

    131 results from 131 matched providers

    Ecosystems International logo

    Ecosystems International

    Verified
    Indonesia51-200 employees
    Flat Sheet Microfiltration Units · Hollow Fiber MF Systems · Ceramic Microfiltration Modules +80 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    PT Ecosystems International (PT ESI) was established at Jakarta on 21st November 2006. We are an industrial effluent treatment systems integrator specializing in electrocoagulation (EC), a unique waste water treatment profile. PT ESI has capabilities in designing complete waste water treatment solutions by combining various effluent treatment systems such as the electro-coagulation, biological, chemical processes and membrane filtration, offering its customers a wide and comprehensive range of solutions, tailored to suit their various needs – ranging from basic effluent treatment for discharge to effluent recycling for water reuse. The Company is experienced in handling the design, engineering, procurement, construction and operation of new Effluent Treatment Plants (“ETP”) and possesses expertise in retrofitting existing ETP to increase the flow rate and treatment capability without any major infrastructure increase PT ESI is also a premier waste water treatment service company specializing in handling waste water generated from Exploration (Drilling) and Produced Water. Customers in Indonesia include major Oil & Gas companies such as Pertamina, Exxon, Chevron, Petro-China and Medco. Operations in Indonesia are provided by both mobile and fixed units. At drill sites where waste-water recycling is required, PT ESI supplement these treatment units with skid mounted mobile Reverse Osmosis systems. The technologies and solutions employed by PT ESI are developed in-house and examples of these are its proprietary Trident™ Electro Contaminant Removal (“ECR”) system, the Stage Contaminant Removal (“SCR”) process and Mobile On-Site Waste-Water Treatment (“OWT”) units

    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    +63 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Yuncheng Huiston Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. logo

    Yuncheng Huiston Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.

    China51-200 employees
    Activated Carbon · Fixed Bed Activated Carbon Adsorbers · Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters +4 more
    apac · china

    Yuncheng Huiston Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in manufacturing advanced filtration products, including PP pleated filters, high-flow filter elements, and reverse osmosis membranes. Serving the manufacturing and utilities sectors, they provide innovative solutions for water treatment and purification across China and the Asia-Pacific region.

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)
    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Bag and Cartridge Filtration
    Manufacturing
    Utilities
    GI Aqua Tech logo

    GI Aqua Tech

    Germany51-200 employees
    Chemical Precipitation · Coagulation/Flocculation · Filtration +5 more
    europe · mea

    GI AQUA is a prominent provider of wastewater treatment solutions, dedicated to creating innovative technologies that foster a sustainable future for our world and its inhabitants. We follow a human-centered approach in our innovations, and our team consistently develops cutting-edge technologies and services to surpass our partners’ expectations while aligning with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals.

    Nanofiltration (NF)
    Industrial Water Reuse
    Containerized/Modular Systems
    Manufacturing
    Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
    SL

    Shandong LoyalMem Tech Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China51-200 employees
    Reverse Osmosis · Ultrafiltration · Nanofiltration +2 more
    china · apac

    Shandong LoyalMem Tech Co., Ltd. manufactures reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) membrane products, along with electrodeionization (EDI) modules, for industrial and municipal water-treatment applications. LoyalMem supplies membrane elements and modules for water-treatment equipment manufacturers, engineering companies and project buyers.

    Reverse Osmosis
    Ultrafiltration
    Nanofiltration
    +2 more
    manufacturing
    utilities
    NR

    Ningbo RXHL Technology Co., Ltd.

    China200+ employees
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) · Nanofiltration (NF) · Ultrafiltration (UF) +5 more
    apac · china

    Ningbo RXHL Technology Co., Ltd. is a leading high-tech enterprise in China, specializing in the research, production, and sales of advanced membrane materials and components. With a focus on microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis technologies, the company serves diverse industries including food and beverage, petrochemicals, and municipal water treatment.

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)
    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Microfiltration (MF)
    +1 more
    Food and Beverage
    Petroleum and Petrochemicals
    PolyCera, a brand of PSP.US, Inc. logo

    PolyCera, a brand of PSP.US, Inc.

    United States51-200 employees
    Ultrafiltration (UF) · Nanofiltration (NF) · Activated Carbon +1 more
    north-america

    PolyCera® membrane products, a PSP.US, Inc. brand, set new standards in performance and total cost of ownership, aiming to deliver the highest quality of treatment with unrivaled reliability at the lowest total lifetime cost through the reduction of OpEx and CapEx. With current installed capacity exceeding 50 MGD, PolyCera membranes have been used in a wide range of projects including: Clean Energy, Fossil Fuel Energy, Industrial Wastewater, Process Separation and Municipal Water and Wastewater. Show more

    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Nanofiltration (NF)
    Industrial Water Reuse
    Utilities
    Manufacturing
    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd. logo

    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China200+ employees
    Tubular Ultrafiltration Units · Hollow Fiber UF Modules · Flat Sheet UF Membranes +17 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    Litree: Pioneering Ultrafiltration for a Water-Secure World Founded in 1992, Litree has dedicated 30+ years to redefining water purification through ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology—our core expertise and passion立升(Litree). As a global high-tech enterprise rooted in independent innovation, we’ve evolved from a membrane R&D startup to one of the world’s leading water problem solvers, with over 146 core patents and state-of-the-art manufacturing hubs in Haikou and Suzhou, China立升(Litree). Our signature hollow fiber UF membranes are engineered to deliver unmatched performance: 0.01μm precision removes 99.99% of bacteria, viruses, and contaminants while preserving essential minerals—striking the perfect balance between purity and health立升(Litree). This technology powers our diverse solutions, from residential whole-house systems to large-scale municipal projects and industrial wastewater treatment, all designed for sustainability and cost-efficiency. What truly sets us apart is our commitment to making safe water accessible. We’ve completed projects serving 50,000+ residents with centralized purification systems that cut construction costs and footprint by 50% compared to traditional setups—proof that advanced technology can also be affordable. Today, our solutions reach 60+ countries, supporting 3,000+ industrial clients and millions of households worldwide. At Litree, water isn’t just our business—it’s our mission. We believe every drop matters, and we’ll keep pushing boundaries to create a future where clean, safe water is a universal right, not a privilege

    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Membrane Filtration Technologies
    pH Adjustment and Neutralization
    +64 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    PNR ITALIA Srl logo

    PNR ITALIA Srl

    Verified
    Italy51-200 employees
    Spray Evaporator · Self-cleaning Screen Filters
    apac · europe · latam +2 more
    19 case studies

    We produce a comprehensive range of spraying solutions, encompassing everything from small-scale nozzles to large industrial spraying systems. Our diverse product line includes various types of nozzles tailored to meet the specific requirements of every application and customer need. The company was established in Milan in November 1968, focusing on distributing parts and components for fire protection systems. Over time, we expanded our offerings to include a diverse range of industrial sprayers tailored to various applications. In addition to our distribution and manufacturing of fire protection system components and industrial sprayers, we specialize in designing and producing pneumatic spray nozzles for industrial use and tank washing nozzles. Our product line also encompasses a variety of complementary accessories essential for industrial washing, including filters, spray guns, and hoses. Furthermore, we offer ejectors, blower nozzles, swivel joints, and hose clamps to provide comprehensive solutions for our customers' needs. PNR Italia is part of the Tecomec Group and oversees four other affiliated companies to form PNR Company, a consolidated reality with a significant presence on the market.

    Microfiltration (MF) Systems
    Disinfection Technologies
    Disinfection Chemicals
    +7 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Changzhou Senjie Environmental Equipment Co., Ltd. logo

    Changzhou Senjie Environmental Equipment Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China200+ employees
    Filter Press · Membrane Filter Press · Diaphragm Filter Press +27 more
    north-america · latam · europe +3 more

    Changzhou Senjie Environmental Equipment Co., Ltd. is a Chinese manufacturer of solid-liquid separation, sludge dewatering and water treatment equipment, based in the Changzhou National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Jiangsu Province. Founded in 2014, we employ 1,280 people across two plants totalling more than 50,000 m2 and build over 1,000 machines a year. 1. FILTER PRESSES - Membrane (diaphragm) filter press, squeezing pressure up to 2.0 MPa, for the lowest achievable cake moisture - Chamber filter press (recessed plate) for industrial wastewater and mineral slurry - Plate and frame filter press for chemical, pharmaceutical, food, brewery and edible oil filtration - Fully automatic filter press with PLC control, automatic plate shifting, cake discharge and cloth washing - Mining and tailings dewatering presses for dry stacking; laboratory and pilot presses from 1 m2 Filter areas 1-1,500 m2, plate sizes 320x320 mm to 2,000x2,000 mm, filtration pressure 0.6-1.6 MPa, cake thickness 25-40 mm. Frames in carbon steel, SS304 or SS316. 2. MULTI-DISC SCREW PRESS (spiral sludge dewatering machine) Continuous, fully automatic dewatering for municipal and industrial sludge, as an alternative or complement to a filter press. All stainless steel, 17 models from KYDL-131 to KYDL-404, power 0.38-6.8 kW, capacity 5-640 kg DS/h. Low energy and wash-water consumption, low noise, compact footprint, PLC control compatible with dosing and feed systems. 3. SLURRY AND SLUDGE PUMPS - Slurry pumps (AH series) for filter press feeding and abrasive mineral slurry: flow 12.6-1,368 m3/h, head 6-64 m, power 1.5-90 kW, wear-resistant wet end - Progressing cavity (screw) pumps for high-viscosity, high-solids sludge, pulsation-free delivery - Air-operated diaphragm pumps, self-priming and chemically resistant, for slurries and corrosive liquids - Ceramic piston pumps in high-purity ceramic for the most abrasive and chemically aggressive duties 4. INDUSTRIAL WATER PURIFICATION (REVERSE OSMOSIS) SJ-RO025 / SJ-RO05 / SJ-RO1 series RO ultrapure water systems, 0.25-1.0 t/h, pump power 1.1-1.8 kW. Multi-stage pre-filtration plus RO membranes, SUS304/SUS316 wetted parts, PLC monitoring of conductivity, pressure and flow with automatic alarms. Used for laboratory, electronics, pharmaceutical and food process water, and as supporting water for filter press and dewatering lines. 5. CONSUMABLES AND SPARE PARTS Reinforced polypropylene chamber plates and membrane plates, 320x320 mm to 2,000x2,000 mm. Filter cloth in polypropylene, polyester and nylon - monofilament, multifilament, staple and needle felt - cut and finished to fit any brand of press, including food-grade cloth for juice, edible oil and syrup, and heavy-duty cloth for mining concentrate and tailings. 6. COMPLETE SYSTEMS Municipal sludge dewatering lines and turnkey industrial wastewater treatment plants: conditioning and chemical dosing, pH adjustment, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation or DAF, biological treatment where required, sludge thickening, dewatering by filter press or screw press, cake handling and filtrate return. WHY A MANUFACTURER MATTERS Plates, cloth, presses and screw presses are produced in our own workshops rather than bought in. We quote non-standard plate sizes, supply replacement plates and cloth for other manufacturers' presses, and support a machine for its whole working life. In-house quality inspection centre and more than 30 R&D engineers. HOW WE SIZE A JOB Send us the slurry data - daily volume, dry solids content, particle size, operating temperature and pH, and your target cake moisture - and we return a sized proposal covering machine selection (filter press or screw press), filter area, plate type, cloth selection, feed pump and cycle time. WHERE OUR EQUIPMENT RUNS Municipal sewage sludge dewatering; mining, mineral concentrate and tailings dry stacking; coal slurry; stone, granite and marble cutting slurry; electroplating and surface finishing effluent; chemical and petrochemical; oil and gas; pharmaceutical; food, beverage and brewery; ceramics and kaolin; textile dyeing; pulp and paper; metallurgy and steel; power and new energy; sand and aggregate washing. We export to more than 40 countries. Contact: Lin Cong, Deputy General Manager - lincong@czsenjie.com - +86 181 5173 1332 (WhatsApp same number) - https://czsenjehb.com

    Sludge Dewatering
    Sludge Thickening
    Sludge Conditioning
    +6 more
    manufacturing
    mining-quarrying
    BAISEN TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD logo

    BAISEN TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD

    Verified
    China51-200 employees
    Aerated Lagoons / Stabilization Ponds · Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors (MABR) · Primary Clarifiers +6 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    Our manufacturing plant in Guangdong, China, was established in 2007 and has served various municipal equipment manufacturers in China for nearly 20 years. We have been exporting products for almost 10 years, such as MBBRs, tube settlers, and aerators. The factory is located near Shenzhen Port, making sea freight extremely convenient.

    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    Aerobic Digestion
    Anaerobic Digestion
    +13 more
    manufacturing
    food-beverage
    Everlasting Wells logo

    Everlasting Wells

    Verified
    United States51-200 employees
    north-america

    Everlasting Wells is a professional water well service company dedicated to providing reliable and efficient water solutions for residential and commercial customers. As one of the trusted well companies near me, the company specializes in well inspections, water testing, well pump installation, repairs, maintenance, and water filtration services to help ensure safe and dependable water systems. With industry experience and a commitment to quality workmanship, Everlasting Wells focuses on identifying water system concerns and delivering effective solutions tailored to each customer’s needs. Their team provides expert guidance, honest recommendations, and dependable service to help maintain long-lasting water system performance. From routine maintenance to complete well and pump services, Everlasting Wells is committed to customer satisfaction, professional care, and delivering trusted water solutions that homeowners and businesses can rely on. For More Info:- maps.app.goo.gl/U385WBgACFQNfxn16

    Operation of Water & Wastewater Treatment Plants
    construction-real-estate
    Guangdong Xinjieyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. logo

    Guangdong Xinjieyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China51-200 employees
    reverse osmosis · desalination · ultrafiltration +4 more
    north-america · latam · europe +3 more

    Guangdong Xinjieyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. is a professional manufacturer specializing in industrial water purification equipment. We focus on RO, ultrafiltration, EDI and desalination systems, holding ISO & CE certifications. With over 10 years of technical experience, we supply customized pure water solutions for food, pharmacy, agriculture and aquaculture, supporting OEM & ODM and exporting to global markets. All units adopt top-grade membrane and pump parts, with strict factory testing and one-year full warranty.

    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination
    +3 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
    Zyramic, Inc. logo

    Zyramic, Inc.

    Verified
    United States
    Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) · Flat Sheet UF Membranes · Ceramic UF Membrane Systems +3 more
    north-america

    Zyramic manufactures membrane modules for membrane bioreactors, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. The company supplies modules rather than complete treatment systems, and works alongside the integrators and contractors who deliver the rest of the train. The polymer line is the Zyramic Palisade flat sheet cassette, a submerged PES flat sheet module for municipal and industrial MBR duty. A detachable scour manifold gives every plate its own dedicated scour air, continuously, so channels stay open and operators stay out of the tank. Published preliminary design basis covers 130 plate and 260 plate cassettes, roughly 136 to 273 m2 of membrane area, on a 304 stainless frame. The ceramic line covers silicon carbide and alumina elements in flat sheet and tubular form, for streams that need backwashing, aggressive cleaning chemistry, oil tolerance or very long module life. Modules are cut, welded, assembled and packed at the company's own factory in Poughkeepsie, New York. Cassettes are available for purchase or for rental where a plant needs a pilot or temporary capacity, and the factory also cuts replacement flat sheet plates for plants running cassettes from other suppliers. Field services are available.

    Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
    Flat Sheet UF Membranes
    Ceramic UF Membrane Systems
    +3 more
    utilities
    manufacturing
    Hainan Litree Purifying Technology Co., Ltd. logo

    Hainan Litree Purifying Technology Co., Ltd.

    China200+ employees
    Ultrafiltration (UF) · Reverse Osmosis (RO) · Nanofiltration (NF) +3 more
    china

    Hainan Litree Purifying Technology Co., Ltd. is a leading Chinese manufacturer specializing in ultrafiltration membrane technology. The company provides advanced water purification and treatment solutions for residential, commercial, and industrial applications, serving diverse industries including utilities and manufacturing.

    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Reverse Osmosis (RO)
    Nanofiltration (NF)
    Utilities
    Manufacturing
    Hydranautics – A Nitto Group Company logo

    Hydranautics – A Nitto Group Company

    United States200+ employees
    Nanofiltration (NF) · Ultrafiltration (UF) · Reverse Osmosis (RO) +3 more
    north-america

    Hydranautics, a Nitto Group Company, specializes in advanced membrane technologies, offering solutions like reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and nanofiltration for water treatment. As a leading equipment manufacturer and technology provider, they serve the water management and utilities industries across North America.

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)
    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Microfiltration (MF)
    +1 more
    Utilities
    W.F. S.r.l. logo

    W.F. S.r.l.

    Italy51-200 employees
    Activated Carbon · Cartridge Filters · Ion Exchange +4 more
    europe

    W.F. S.r.l. is a leading Italian manufacturer specializing in advanced water treatment equipment. They offer a wide range of filtration systems, including UV disinfection and point-of-use filters, catering to industries such as manufacturing and utilities. Their expertise in pressure-driven membrane systems and adsorption-based technologies ensures high-quality water purification solutions.

    Bag and Cartridge Filtration
    Point-of-Use (POU) Filters
    UV Disinfection
    Manufacturing
    Utilities
    Vontron Technology Co., Ltd. logo

    Vontron Technology Co., Ltd.

    China200+ employees
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) · Nanofiltration (NF) · Ultrafiltration (UF) +7 more
    china

    Vontron Technology Co., Ltd. is a leading Chinese company specializing in the research, manufacture, and sale of separation membranes and related materials. With over 24 years of experience, Vontron serves a global clientele, providing advanced solutions for water treatment, including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration technologies.

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)
    Nanofiltration (NF)
    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Manufacturing
    Utilities
    Cimico logo

    Cimico

    Spain51-200 employees
    Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) · Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) · Anammox Reactors +2 more
    europe

    Cimico specializes in innovative biological wastewater technologies, providing advanced solutions for industrial and municipal water treatment. With a focus on sustainable practices, Cimico serves diverse industries across Europe, offering expertise in treatment solutions, water reuse, and infrastructure systems.

    Industrial WWTPs
    Municipal WWTPs
    Activated Carbon Filtration
    +2 more
    Construction and Real Estate
    Manufacturing
    Brine Consulting logo

    Brine Consulting

    Verified
    Netherlands1-50 employees
    Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) · Atmospheric Evaporator · Spray Evaporator +130 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    BRINE CONSULTING delivers senior-level strategy, technical design, and actionable insight across the full lifecycle of water-related challenges. We support clients with advisory and due diligence, advanced brine management and resource recovery, industrial and municipal water reuse, and MLD/ZLD systems. Our team also leads ESG and climate-resilience strategy, innovation scouting, and international development and PPP advisory. With deep specialization in desalination, brine valorization, circular economy models, and high-impact infrastructure, we help organizations turn water and waste streams into opportunities, providing clear thinking, rapid delivery, and solutions built for real-world results.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    +85 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
    Hangzhou Realize Technology Co., LTD. logo

    Hangzhou Realize Technology Co., LTD.

    Verified
    China1-50 employees
    Ultrasonic Cavitation Systems · Conventional Activated Sludge · SBR, MBR, IFAS +3 more
    china
    1 case studies

    HANGZHOU REALIZE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. is a technology enterprise. The company collaborates with domestic and international universities such as Beijing University of Technology, Tsinghua University, and Berlin University of Technology to address the challenges of enhancing anaerobic efficiency and nitrogen removal in high-ammonia nitrogen wastewater. The core technologies foucs on energy-saving denitrification and enhanced green methane production. These two technologies can increase production efficiency of green methane by 20% and reduce costs of wastewater denitrification by 60%.

    Process Water Treatment
    Wastewater Treatment
    Advanced Treatment Technologies
    +8 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
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    Buyer's Guide

    The buyer's guide to membrane filtration

    OverviewFAQCase studyQuestions to askCost driversRegulations

    Membrane Filtration Process Selection: MF, UF, NF, and RO Performance Comparison

    Membrane filtration is classified by pore size and operating pressure into four types: microfiltration (MF, pore size 0.1 to 1.0 micron, operating pressure 0.1 to 2.0 bar) removes suspended solids, protozoa (Cryptosporidium, Giardia), and bacteria above the pore size; ultrafiltration (UF, 0.005 to 0.1 micron, 0.5 to 5 bar) additionally removes viruses (partially), colloidal organic matter, and macromolecules; nanofiltration (NF, 0.001 to 0.01 micron, 3 to 15 bar) removes divalent ions (calcium, magnesium, sulphate), hardness, and large organic molecules while passing monovalent ions (sodium, chloride) at 20 to 50 percent; reverse osmosis (RO, 0.0001 to 0.001 micron, 5 to 70 bar) rejects 95 to 99.8 percent of all dissolved ions and organics.

    Process selection by application: drinking water from surface water sources - UF or MF provides 4-log Cryptosporidium reduction (US EPA LT2ESWTR credit) and physical barrier for pathogen removal, replacing conventional coagulation-sedimentation-filtration in some plants. Wastewater reuse - MBR (UF integrated with bioreactor) achieves direct non-potable reuse quality (BOD below 5, TSS below 1 mg per L). High-purity process water - RO plus CEDI for pharmaceutical and semiconductor. Brackish water or seawater desalination - BWRO or SWRO with UF pretreatment. Industrial effluent treatment - NF for selective concentration of divalent ions, enabling resource recovery or wastewater volume reduction before ZLD evaporation.

    Membrane system operational challenges include fouling (biological, organic, colloidal, and scaling) causing flux decline and TMP increase, managed by pretreatment (coagulation before MF/UF, SDI control before RO), chemical enhanced backwash (CEB: NaOCl weekly, citric acid monthly for MF/UF), and CIP (NaOH plus EDTA, citric acid for RO). Energy consumption: MF/UF approximately 0.05 to 0.3 kWh per m3 (low-pressure, gravity or low-pressure pump), NF 0.3 to 0.8 kWh per m3, BWRO 0.5 to 1.5 kWh per m3, SWRO 2.0 to 4.0 kWh per m3 (with ERD). Total membrane water treatment market: approximately $22 billion globally (2025 estimate), growing at 7 to 9 percent per year driven by water scarcity and reuse mandates.

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    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?

    Microfiltration (MF, pore size 0.1 to 1.0 micron) removes particles, bacteria (0.2 to 2 microns), Cryptosporidium (4 to 6 microns), and Giardia (8 to 12 microns) by size exclusion. It does not reliably remove viruses (0.02 to 0.3 microns) which are smaller than MF pores. Operating pressure: 0.1 to 2.0 bar. Ultrafiltration (UF, pore size 0.005 to 0.1 micron) removes all bacteria and most viruses, colloidal organic matter, and macromolecules. US EPA LT2ESWTR gives 4-log Cryptosporidium credit to both MF and UF if direct integrity testing (pressure hold or vacuum test) demonstrates no integrity breaches. Virus removal credit (2 to 4 log) is given to UF systems with pore size below 0.05 microns. In practice, UF has replaced MF for most drinking water applications due to its broader pathogen removal spectrum at similar cost.

    How does nanofiltration differ from reverse osmosis?

    Nanofiltration (NF) operates at lower pressures (3 to 15 bar vs 8 to 70 bar for RO) and has higher water permeability, but rejects divalent ions selectively while allowing monovalent ions (Na+, Cl-, K+) to pass at 20 to 50 percent. This selectivity makes NF ideal for: hardness removal (calcium and magnesium rejection above 90 percent) while retaining some mineral content; colour and disinfection by-product precursor (DOC) removal; concentration of divalent salts for resource recovery; and softening of seawater or brackish water for industrial applications where low TDS is not the goal. RO rejects 95 to 99.8 percent of all ions including monovalent, producing near-pure water but also generating a high-volume, high-salinity reject stream. NF recovery is typically 75 to 85 percent vs 50 to 75 percent for SWRO and 70 to 85 percent for BWRO. NF energy consumption is 30 to 60 percent lower than BWRO for equivalent feed TDS.

    What pretreatment is needed before membrane filtration?

    Pretreatment requirements depend on membrane type and feed water. Before MF/UF for drinking water surface water: coagulation (alum or ferric, 2 to 10 mg per L) reduces colloidal organic fouling and improves NOM removal; pH adjustment to 6.5 to 7.5 improves coagulation; screening (1 mm wedgewire) removes fibrous material that blocks membrane modules. Before RO for drinking water: MF or UF pretreatment to achieve SDI below 5 (BWRO) or below 3 (SWRO); anti-scalant dosing; acid dosing to pH 6.5 to 7.0; free chlorine reduction to below 0.1 mg per L by sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) dosing (polyamide TFC membranes are chlorine-sensitive); 5-micron cartridge filter as last guard. Before RO for wastewater reclamation: secondary effluent at BOD below 20 mg per L, TSS below 10 mg per L; MF/UF or MBR pretreatment provides adequate feed for RO.

    How much does membrane filtration cost per cubic metre of water?

    Unit costs (treatment only, excluding intake, storage, and distribution): MF/UF for drinking water surface treatment: $0.05 to $0.15 per m3 (capital plus operating, 20-year lifecycle). NF for softening or colour removal: $0.15 to $0.40 per m3. BWRO for brackish groundwater desalination: $0.25 to $0.80 per m3 (wide range based on feedwater salinity and energy cost). SWRO for seawater desalination: $0.50 to $1.50 per m3 (includes brine disposal; lower end for large plants above 100 MLD in ideal conditions; higher end for small island or remote sites). MBR for wastewater treatment with reuse-quality effluent: $0.20 to $0.80 per m3. Cost drivers: energy (30 to 50 percent of OPEX for RO), membrane replacement (15 to 25 percent), and chemicals (10 to 20 percent). Costs decline with scale and have fallen 50 to 70 percent over the past 20 years due to improved membrane performance, energy recovery devices, and manufacturing scale.

    Case Study·Municipal drinking water
    Challenge

    A UK water company treating a peri-urban reservoir in the Midlands experienced seasonal Cryptosporidium breakthrough in the conventional rapid gravity filter (RGF) train during spring turnover events, resulting in two Cryptosporidium-positive source water alerts and DWI correspondence. The existing RGF plant achieved turbidity below 0.5 NTU but could not provide a physical barrier against Cryptosporidium oocysts at concentrations present during spring peaks (up to 2 oocysts per 10 L in raw water).

    Approach

    Designed and installed a UF membrane treatment stage (PVDF hollow fibre, pore size 0.02 microns) in parallel with the existing RGF train, sized for 60 percent of peak flow. During Cryptosporidium alert periods, all flow was routed through the UF train; during normal periods, the UF operated at reduced capacity providing 4-log Cryptosporidium removal credit on the processed fraction. Daily direct integrity testing (DIT) was implemented per US EPA Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual protocols.

    Outcome

    Zero Cryptosporidium-positive treated water samples in the 36 months post-installation. DWI inspector accepted the UF as providing a robust multi-barrier protection layer, closing the regulatory correspondence. The UF produced filtered water turbidity below 0.1 NTU consistently, improving the upstream disinfection efficacy. Annual DIT integrity test results showed 100 percent compliance with the PDR acceptance criterion over 36 months.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    5 questions
    1. 1

      What pathogen removal credit does your membrane system qualify for under the applicable regulatory framework, and has the credit been verified by direct integrity testing at the proposed operating flux?

      US EPA LT2ESWTR and equivalent UK DWI guidance give specific Cryptosporidium removal credits to membrane systems based on pore size and demonstrated integrity. Credit is only valid if the membrane system passes direct integrity testing (DIT: pressure hold or vacuum test at specified intervals). A membrane system with a single broken fibre per module may reduce Cryptosporidium removal by 1 to 2 log. Confirm what pathogen removal credit the system is designed to deliver and how DIT verifies this under operational conditions.

    2. 2

      What is the chemical enhanced backwash (CEB) protocol and what fouling resistance testing was conducted on feed water samples from our specific source?

      MF and UF fouling behaviour is highly source-specific: surface water with high algal content fouls differently from groundwater with elevated iron or from wastewater with surfactants. A CEB protocol optimised for one source may be inadequate for another. Ask for pilot plant results (minimum 3 months) on your specific source water across the seasonal range, with data on fouling rate (TMP increase per day), CEB recovery efficiency, and cleaning chemical consumption.

    3. 3

      What is the membrane module service life guarantee and what warranty terms apply to fibre breakage and TMP performance?

      Membrane module warranties vary significantly: some manufacturers warranty fibre integrity (zero defects above a specified size) for 2 years, others for 5 years. Fouling-induced performance decline is generally excluded from warranty unless caused by a manufacturing defect. A service life claim of 10 to 15 years should be supported by reference installations of that age operating at comparable flux and with comparable feed water, not just material testing data.

    4. 4

      What aeration and backwash water volumes does the system require, and what is the impact on the net water production percentage and plant hydraulics?

      MF and UF systems consume 5 to 15 percent of feed water for backwash (water returned to head of plant or wasted). Systems with high backwash volumes reduce net plant output and increase the required raw water abstraction to meet treated water targets. Confirm the net recovery percentage at design conditions, and how this affects the raw water licence requirements or abstraction volumes.

    5. 5

      What are the requirements for chemical storage for CEB and CIP, and have you confirmed these are acceptable under COSHH and local planning requirements at our site?

      CEB chemicals (sodium hypochlorite, citric acid) require bunded storage per EA PPG 26, COSHH risk assessment, and potentially planning notification for above-threshold quantities. For a large UF plant consuming 200 to 500 kg per day of sodium hypochlorite (12 percent), the site storage requirement (typically 7 to 14 days' supply) may require 2,000 to 10,000 L of chemical storage per chemical with secondary containment, which has planning and DSEAR implications.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    4 factors
    Feed water quality and fouling rate

    Low-fouling groundwater treated by UF at 60 LMH net flux requires approximately 0.2 m2 of membrane area per m3 per day of throughput. High-fouling surface water (high turbidity, NOM, algae) at 30 LMH requires 0.4 m2 per m3 per day, doubling the membrane area and capital cost for the same output. Coagulation pretreatment (inline, without sedimentation) costs 30,000 to 80,000 GBP additional capital for a 10 MLD plant but reduces fouling rate by 30 to 50 percent, reducing membrane area needed.

    Capital cost versus MF or UF technology

    MF (pore size 0.1 to 1.0 micron): membrane module cost 8 to 15 GBP per m2, total plant cost 80 to 200 GBP per m3 per day for a 10 MLD plant. UF (pore size 0.01 to 0.1 micron): membrane module cost 12 to 22 GBP per m2, total plant cost 100 to 250 GBP per m3 per day. NF: 150 to 400 GBP per m3 per day. RO: 200 to 800 GBP per m3 per day (BWRO) to 600 to 2,000 GBP per m3 per day (SWRO with intake and brine outfall).

    Energy consumption by membrane type

    MF and UF energy: 0.05 to 0.3 kWh per m3 (low-pressure gravity or low-head pump). NF: 0.3 to 0.8 kWh per m3 (moderate pressure, 5 to 15 bar). BWRO: 0.5 to 1.5 kWh per m3. SWRO without ERD: 5 to 8 kWh per m3; with isobaric ERD: 2.0 to 3.5 kWh per m3. For a 10 MLD SWRO plant at 0.15 GBP per kWh, energy cost is 1.1 to 4.4 million GBP per year. Energy recovery devices reduce energy cost by 1.5 to 2.5 million GBP per year at this scale and are essential for economically viable SWRO.

    Membrane module replacement cost over 20-year lifecycle

    MF/UF modules (hollow fibre, 10 to 12 year service life): 12 to 22 GBP per m2. For a 10 MLD UF plant with 5,000 m2 of membrane area, replacement at year 10 costs 60,000 to 110,000 GBP. RO elements (SWRO, 7 to 10 year life): 400 to 700 GBP per 8-inch element. For a 10 MLD SWRO plant with 300 elements, replacement at year 8 costs 120,000 to 210,000 GBP. Both replacement cycles occur once or twice in a 20-year lifecycle and represent 15 to 25 percent of total lifecycle operating cost.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    4 standards
    Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016 and DWI Guidance -- Membrane Systems

    DWI Technical Guidance (updated 2021) specifies requirements for membrane filtration systems used in public water supply, including integrity testing requirements and validation of pathogen removal credit. UF and MF systems must be validated to demonstrate the claimed log removal value for Cryptosporidium parvum through direct integrity testing (DIT) at defined intervals. DWI's position aligns with US EPA Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual (2005) for integrity testing methodology and acceptance criteria.

    UK Cryptosporidium Regulations 1999 (as amended) -- Monitoring and Treatment

    The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 require water companies to monitor for Cryptosporidium in treated water and source water and to install suitable treatment where Cryptosporidium is detected or risk assessment indicates significant risk. UF or RO membrane filtration providing a minimum 4-log Cryptosporidium removal barrier is the standard technology response for high-risk surface water sources. DWI can issue Regulation 28 undertakings requiring specific treatment upgrade at non-compliant sources.

    PSSR 2000 -- Pressure Vessels for NF and RO Systems

    NF and RO membrane systems operating above 5 bar include pressure vessels and associated pipework regulated under PSSR 2000. A Written Scheme of Examination is required from a competent inspection body, specifying maximum working pressure, test pressure, and inspection frequency. For large RO plants, the PSSR inspection programme is typically integrated into the plant's planned maintenance schedule, with hydraulic pressure tests and visual inspection of GRP vessels at 3 to 5 year intervals.

    Environment Agency -- Membrane Concentrate Disposal Permit

    All membrane filtration processes (NF, RO) produce a concentrate stream requiring disposal. Inland concentrate disposal to sewer requires trade effluent consent. Discharge to surface water requires an Environmental Permit from the Environment Agency under EPR 2016, specifying TDS, ionic strength, and specific pollutant limits in the receiving water quality objectives. Marine concentrate disposal requires MMO consent. BWRO and SWRO concentrate must be modelled for receiving water mixing zone compliance before permit application.

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