Direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brines and produced water, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane-based systems.

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    Matched providers: 42

    Top countries: United Kingdom, United States

    Popular technologies: Acid Dosing Systems, Alkali Dosing Systems

    Lithium Extraction from Brines and Geothermal Waters: DLE, Evaporation Pond, and Membrane Technologies

    Lithium extraction from brine sources (salt lake brines, geothermal brines, oilfield produced water) uses three main technology families. Traditional solar evaporation ponds (used in Atacama, Bolivia, Argentina) concentrate lithium from 200 to 1,500 mg per L to 60,000 mg per L by 12 to 18 months of evaporation, then recover lithium as lithium carbonate by precipitation. Evaporation ponds require flat, arid terrain with high evaporation rates; they are economically practical only in specific geographies, have high water consumption (evaporating large volumes), and are poorly suited to temperate or humid climates.

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies selectively extract lithium from brine without full evaporation, reducing water consumption and project timeline from years to hours or days. DLE technologies include: ion exchange sorbents (lithium manganese oxide (LMO) or lithium iron phosphate (LFP) sorbents with capacity 10 to 30 mg Li per g sorbent, selectivity over Na, K, Mg, Ca above 1,000:1); solvent extraction (ionic liquids or organophosphate extractants); and membrane electrodialysis (lithium-selective ion transport membranes, bidirectional ion transport). DLE produces a lithium-rich eluate at 1,000 to 5,000 mg per L Li, which is then purified by RO concentration and chemical precipitation to battery-grade lithium carbonate (99.5 percent purity minimum) or lithium hydroxide.

    Water management is central to lithium brine projects. Brine extraction affects regional groundwater and surface water hydrology; environmental impact assessment must quantify brine reinjection volumes and quality, and surface water level changes. Geothermal brine DLE (Salton Sea region, California; Upper Rhine Valley, Germany) extracts lithium from hot brines (150 to 300 degrees C, 200 to 400 mg per L Li) already brought to surface for power generation, then reinjects the depleted brine - a zero-net-surface-impact model. Freshwater use for DLE sorbent washing and chemical processing is 10 to 50 times lower per tonne of lithium than solar evaporation. Regulatory frameworks for brine extraction differ globally: US requires NEPA environmental review; Chile and Argentina require lithium production quota agreements.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) and how does it differ from evaporation ponds?

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) selectively removes lithium from brine using sorbents, ion exchange resins, membranes, or solvent extraction without concentrating the entire brine by evaporation. DLE advantages: (1) Speed - hours to days vs 12 to 18 months for evaporation; (2) Recovery rate - 80 to 90 percent vs 40 to 50 percent for evaporation ponds; (3) Water savings - 80 to 95 percent less freshwater consumed; (4) Geography independence - works in humid climates where evaporation is insufficient; (5) Selectivity - produces lithium concentrate directly, avoiding co-precipitation of impurities that complicate downstream processing. Trade-offs: DLE capital cost is higher than simple evaporation ponds, and sorbent regeneration requires acid or hot water, adding operating cost. Technology readiness levels vary: ion exchange sorbents (most mature, commercial deployments), solvent extraction (commercial in some applications), electrodialysis (pilot to demonstration scale).

    What water quality is needed for lithium extraction processing?

    DLE sorbent performance is sensitive to feedwater quality: high concentrations of competing divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) reduce lithium selectivity and sorbent capacity. Mg:Li ratio is a key brine quality metric: below 10:1 is suitable for most DLE technologies; above 40:1 (common in Atacama southern zones) requires pre-treatment by nanofiltration (rejects Mg2+ at 90 to 98 percent while passing Li+ at 20 to 50 percent selectivity, reducing Mg:Li ratio). Suspended solids must be below 1 to 5 mg per L to prevent sorbent fouling (pre-filtration by multimedia filter or cartridge filter). Fe, Mn, and silica must be controlled (below 0.1 mg per L Fe and Mn; below 20 mg per L SiO2) to prevent precipitation on sorbent surfaces during the high-pH elution step. Process water for sorbent washing (typically deionised or RO water) must be very low in lithium itself to prevent back-dilution of the eluate.

    What are the environmental impacts of lithium brine extraction?

    Water-related environmental impacts: (1) Brine aquifer drawdown - extraction of lithium brine reduces aquifer levels; inadequate reinjection volumes can lower shallow freshwater table and affect wetland ecosystems. Atacama wetlands supporting flamingo populations are under study for impacts from lithium brine extraction. (2) Surface water diversion - water used in brine processing (washing, chemical processing) diverts freshwater from water-scarce regions; Chilean DGA (water authority) regulates freshwater use in mining. (3) Evaporation pond area - ponds covering tens of km2 affect local hydrology and habitats. (4) Chemical contamination risk - acid and base reagents used in DLE processing require bunded storage and secondary containment. Responsible mining frameworks (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance, IRMA) and IFC Performance Standards require social and environmental management plans, water balance studies, and stakeholder engagement with local indigenous communities.

    Can lithium be extracted from seawater?

    Seawater contains 0.17 mg per L Li (compared to 200 to 1,500 mg per L in Atacama brines), making direct extraction from seawater energetically and economically challenging with current technologies. LMO sorbents can selectively adsorb lithium from seawater, but the dilute concentration requires processing enormous volumes (approximately 5,900 m3 seawater per kg Li vs approximately 2 m3 brine per kg Li for Atacama operations). Energy consumption is 30 to 60 times higher per tonne of lithium vs brine DLE. Research is active in Japan and South Korea (island nations with limited terrestrial lithium deposits) using combined desalination + lithium extraction systems to extract lithium from seawater concentrate (brine reject from SWRO plants, containing 0.34 mg per L Li, approximately twice seawater). No commercial seawater lithium extraction plant operates as of 2026; demonstration scale projects have been reported in China and Japan.

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    Lithium Extraction from Water Companies

    Direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brines and produced water, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane-based systems.

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    Specialists in lithium extraction from water

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    Brine Consulting

    Verified

    Netherlands · 1-50 employees

    BRINE CONSULTING delivers senior-level strategy, technical design, and actionable insight across the full lifecycle of water-related challenges. We support clients with advisory and due diligence, advanced brine management and resource recovery, industrial and municipal water reuse, and MLD/ZLD systems. Our team also leads ESG and climate-resilience strategy, innovation scouting, and international development and PPP advisory. With deep specialization in desalination, brine valorization, circular economy models, and high-impact infrastructure, we help organizations turn water and waste streams into opportunities, providing clear thinking, rapid delivery, and solutions built for real-world results.

    Activated Carbon FiltrationReverse Osmosis (RO) SystemsUltrafiltration (UF) Systems

    Aquatech

    United States

    Aquatech is a global water and process technology company headquartered in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, United States, focused on solving water scarcity and ensuring critical minerals security. With more than 43 years of operation, over 2,000 installations worldwide, and 700 plus water experts globally, the company treats roughly 1.6 billion gallons of water per day. Its core areas include water reuse and zero liquid discharge, desalination, industrial water treatment, wastewater management, and critical minerals recovery such as lithium extraction from brines. Aquatech delivers mobile water solutions, design build own operate and maintain (DBOOM) contracts, operations and maintenance support, aftermarket retrofits, and AI powered digital optimization.

    Water reuse and zero liquid discharge systemsDesalination plant design and deliveryIndustrial water and wastewater treatment

    PuriTech

    Belgium

    PuriTech, founded in 1996 in Belgium, is a liquid separation specialist built around its patented ION-IX continuous counter-current ion exchange system, which uses a multiport distribution valve to cut operating cost, capital and footprint versus conventional plants. Applications include nitrate removal and arsenic removal from drinking water, softening and demineralization, plus metal recovery and direct lithium extraction. The company offers process engineering, 3D design, pilot testing and mobile treatment units.

    Process engineering3D plant designPilot testing

    Related providers

    Listed for overlapping capabilities, not for lithium extraction from water specifically.

    Everlasting Wells

    Verified

    United States · 51-200 employees

    Everlasting Wells is a professional water well service company dedicated to providing reliable and efficient water solutions for residential and commercial customers. As one of the trusted well companies near me, the company specializes in well inspections, water testing, well pump installation, repairs, maintenance, and water filtration services to help ensure safe and dependable water systems. With industry experience and a commitment to quality workmanship, Everlasting Wells focuses on identifying water system concerns and delivering effective solutions tailored to each customer’s needs. Their team provides expert guidance, honest recommendations, and dependable service to help maintain long-lasting water system performance. From routine maintenance to complete well and pump services, Everlasting Wells is committed to customer satisfaction, professional care, and delivering trusted water solutions that homeowners and businesses can rely on. For More Info:- maps.app.goo.gl/U385WBgACFQNfxn16

    Operation of Water & Wastewater Treatment Plants

    Ecosystems International

    Verified

    Indonesia · 51-200 employees

    PT Ecosystems International (PT ESI) was established at Jakarta on 21st November 2006. We are an industrial effluent treatment systems integrator specializing in electrocoagulation (EC), a unique waste water treatment profile. PT ESI has capabilities in designing complete waste water treatment solutions by combining various effluent treatment systems such as the electro-coagulation, biological, chemical processes and membrane filtration, offering its customers a wide and comprehensive range of solutions, tailored to suit their various needs – ranging from basic effluent treatment for discharge to effluent recycling for water reuse. The Company is experienced in handling the design, engineering, procurement, construction and operation of new Effluent Treatment Plants (“ETP”) and possesses expertise in retrofitting existing ETP to increase the flow rate and treatment capability without any major infrastructure increase PT ESI is also a premier waste water treatment service company specializing in handling waste water generated from Exploration (Drilling) and Produced Water. Customers in Indonesia include major Oil & Gas companies such as Pertamina, Exxon, Chevron, Petro-China and Medco. Operations in Indonesia are provided by both mobile and fixed units. At drill sites where waste-water recycling is required, PT ESI supplement these treatment units with skid mounted mobile Reverse Osmosis systems. The technologies and solutions employed by PT ESI are developed in-house and examples of these are its proprietary Trident™ Electro Contaminant Removal (“ECR”) system, the Stage Contaminant Removal (“SCR”) process and Mobile On-Site Waste-Water Treatment (“OWT”) units

    Reverse Osmosis (RO) SystemsUltrafiltration (UF) SystemsMulti-media Filtration (MMF) Systems

    PNR ITALIA Srl

    Verified

    Italy · 51-200 employees · 19 case studies

    We produce a comprehensive range of spraying solutions, encompassing everything from small-scale nozzles to large industrial spraying systems. Our diverse product line includes various types of nozzles tailored to meet the specific requirements of every application and customer need. The company was established in Milan in November 1968, focusing on distributing parts and components for fire protection systems. Over time, we expanded our offerings to include a diverse range of industrial sprayers tailored to various applications. In addition to our distribution and manufacturing of fire protection system components and industrial sprayers, we specialize in designing and producing pneumatic spray nozzles for industrial use and tank washing nozzles. Our product line also encompasses a variety of complementary accessories essential for industrial washing, including filters, spray guns, and hoses. Furthermore, we offer ejectors, blower nozzles, swivel joints, and hose clamps to provide comprehensive solutions for our customers' needs. PNR Italia is part of the Tecomec Group and oversees four other affiliated companies to form PNR Company, a consolidated reality with a significant presence on the market.

    Microfiltration (MF) SystemsDisinfection TechnologiesDisinfection Chemicals
    G

    Gradiant

    United States

    Gradiant is an industrial water treatment solutions and technology company headquartered in Woburn, Massachusetts, United States, founded at MIT in 2013 with over 1,300 employees worldwide. The company provides complete, site-wide solutions that combine proprietary technology, engineering, and customized chemicals to help industries reduce freshwater use, reclaim valuable resources, and renew wastewater into freshwater. Gradiant specializes in minimum and zero liquid discharge, ultrapure water, PFAS and emerging-contaminant removal, and resource recovery for sectors including semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, and lithium and critical minerals.

    Industrial wastewater treatment and recyclingIndustrial process and ultrapure water productionMinimum and zero liquid discharge systems

    AJ Engineering & Construction Services Ltd

    United Kingdom

    AJ Engineering & Construction Services Ltd provide a wide spectrum of engineering services ranging from steel fabrication and CNC machining to cladding and civil engineering, with our highly experienced team we provide on-time, on-budget quality solutions. From our bases in Forres and Fort William, and a team accustomed to travel we can meet our client’s needs wherever required. Having worked on various water and wastewater treatment projects for the past 25 years we have developed a great working relationship with water companies across the UK. Our in-house capabilities allow us to offer a turnkey service to our clients from reactive maintenance and manufacturing to planned infrastructure and non-infrastructure projects. Many of the projects we undertake in the water sector are within water treatment and wastewater treatment plants where cleanliness is paramount, all our water sector site teams hold certification and Water Hygiene cards. Our range of services collated into one means that we can take on multiple discipline contracts and deliver them as one which provides our clients with a number of advantages. It removes the need to have multiple contractors on site at once. Benefits in cost savings passed down on procuring large amounts of steel for a side wide project. Little risk of dimensional discrepancies between contractors We work alongside framework delivery partners throughout the UK providing the services below; Steel portal frame buildings (design, fabrication, erection & cladding) Design, manufacture and installation of pipe bridges Design, manufacture and installation of site wide access metalwork (walkways, access stairs, ladders etc) Design, manufacture and installation of modular water buildings transportable by road. Design of various process tanks, pipework and pumps. Fabrication of tanks and pipework (stainless and carbon) Mechanical Installation Modular Treatment Buildings and Mechanical Fit-out SR2 rated steel enclosures (quicker than GRP Kiosks) We appreciate how important quality and cleanliness is in the water sector and we are proud that we have completely segregated facilities for stainless steel and carbon steel. In addition to this we are also approved under the regulations 31(4)(A) of the water supply regulations 2016 to supply stainless steel and pipework fabrications to the drinking water sector.

    Amazon Filters Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Founded in 1985, UK-based Amazon Filters Ltd is one of Europe’s leading manufacturers and suppliers of bespoke filtration technology such as filter cartridges and housings. Our comprehensive range of products support critical liquid and gas applications in many industries. With over 40 years of continuous support to municipal water companies, we are ideally placed to solve water quality problems with our bespoke cartridge filtration technology. From small boundary boxes installations to large volume fully containerised system and rentable mobile skids, we can manufacture and supply it all. We offer solutions for: Turbidity Control Metals Removal (iron / manganese) Cryptosporidium removal Chlorine reduction Let us support your AMP 8 commitments: Securing Long Term Resilience Securing Cost Efficiency Securing Confidence and Assurance We operate a range of ISO-accredited Quality Management Systems to ensure excellence in customer service. We provide high quality, reliable products and services that exceed client expectations. We help you worry less about the filtration process so you can focus on what you do best.

    Air Technology Systems

    United Kingdom

    Air Technology Systems (ATS) have been designing and supplying ventilation and odour control solutions to the water industry for over 20 years. Working closely with the main contractors/M&E Contractors in the industry, we have installed our systems into all major water companies. Our Range of services include: Surveys of existing ventilation and odour control systems. Upgrades, maintenance and modification of existing systems. The design, supply, installation and commissioning of new ventilation and odour control systems. We have our own experienced installation teams. We have our own NIC EIC registered electrical engineers. We work collaboratively with the client to ensure that the system design is optimised and meets the primary objectives e.g TOTEX, Level of performance etc. VENTILATION Our ventilation solutions are a combination of traditional and propriety techniques, including our innovative JETFLO system which maximises the ventilation efficiency and can reduce the overall extract volume, excellent for reducing condensation and ensuring fresh air is delivered where needed, this not only reduces energy consumption, but can reduce the size and cost of odour control units. ODOUR CONTROL Our unique alliance with Europe’s largest manufacturers of specialist odour control products, CMI Europe Environment, is a major strength. We can offer all proven odour control technologies, from carbon filtration and catalytic dry scrubbers, through to bio filtration and chemical scrubbing. Solutions often require a combination of these techniques. All equipment on the odour control plinth is sourced from CMI EE’s state of the art facility and is pre-assembled for inspection prior to dispatch. This provides us with a unique level of quality control. Our specialist rope access division allows us to gain access to places where mechanical scaffold/access is going to be either very difficult or cost prohibitive. Our wide range of expertise design and project management experience, combined with close collaboration with the client is the reason we have an excellent reputation in the industry.

    SUEZ Advanced Solutions UK Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Unique integrated water solutions and unrivalled expertise. Suez Advanced Solutions UK deliver innovative methods of water and wastewater management throughout the UK. Working with a wide range of customers in the industrial and utility sectors, SUEZ Advanced Solutions UK are focussed on tailored and integrated process solutions for measurable results. Suez Advanced Solutions UK’s suite of environmental technologies and services deliver optimised methods of water network management for the water sector. Utilising a wealth and depth of experience in water and sewerage networks, a wide range of pioneering and innovative process solutions are now successfully providing commercial benefits to water companies, and improving service quality for the end user. Our industrial water specialists deliver bespoke solutions based on the specific needs and process requirements of the customer, to provide reduced costs, energy and water consumption. Committed to continuous development through technical innovation, Suez Advanced Solutions UK transfer knowledge and expertise from a diverse range of industrial sectors, offering a comprehensive understanding of processes and relevant environmental and industry legislations.

    Total Automation & Power

    United Kingdom

    Total Automation & Power (TAP) is a formal joint venture between Cougar Automation Ltd and Technical Control Systems Ltd. Formed in 2005, it has delivered hundreds of projects worth tens of millions of pounds. Current water and wastewater frameworks include Severn Trent, Thames, Welsh & Yorkshire Water. Working with TAP is just like working with a single company. Every project has a dedicated project manager who coordinates all the work and gives you a single point of contact. You place a single order for all of your electrical and control system design, supply and installation so you can concentrate on delivering your project without having to worry about placing and managing separate orders for MCCs, a control system and electrical installation. Unlike separate orders, both companies stand behind the whole scope and unlike a contract/sub-contract arrangement we don’t mark up each other’s price. Projects are easy to manage, secure and competitively priced. Supporting clients from initial concept design stage through to on-site commissioning, TAP collaborates with clients at every stage to evaluate designs to optimise TOTEX outcomes. When you choose TAP as your partner you get an unrivalled combination of expertise: Control System, SCADA & PLC expertise from Cougar Automation in six regional offices throughout the UK. MCC, low voltage assembly and panel expertise from Technical Control Systems’ manufacturing facility in Leeds.

    Hayes GFS Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Hayes GFS Ltd are recognised throughout the water industry as experts in the supply, installation and refurbishment of glass-fused-to-steel tanks, epoxy coated tanks and stainless steel tanks, from anaerobic digesters to potable water storage solutions to Nerada tanks. Our experience as framework suppliers to many UK water companies and having worked on projects throughout the Europe, America and the Middle East, has given us an unprecedented insight into the needs and demands of a variety of distinguished clients. Services include: The supply and installation of Permastore glass-fused-to-steel tanks and silos, fusion bonded epoxy, stainless steel tanks and GRP roofs. On-site tank surveys and condition reports. Emergency repairs. Refurbishment and replacement of existing tanks and roofs. Design, manufacture, supply and retrospective fitting of all tank related ancillaries, including access steelwork, decant pipework, tank Insulation and cladding.

    ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd

    United Kingdom

    ERG (Air Pollution Control) Limited is the leading supplier of wastewater odour control units (OCUs) for the UK Water Industry and increasingly supplies odour control systems around the world. In addition, ERG can provide specialist advice and solutions to assist in achieving IED compliance for relevant odour assets. In the past 10 years, we have provided over 200 OCUs and count all the UK water companies and major main contractors among our clients. So, whether you are looking for a large, multi-stage chemical scrubbing system, an environmentally friendly bio-trickling filter or bio-scrubber system, a simple but efficient activated carbon or dry media system, an Odorgard™ from ERG Hygrade, or even an RTO (Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser) system, ERG can develop a tailor-made solution to suit. All ERG Odour Control Systems are: Purpose-designed by our process engineers to eliminate the cocktail of inlet odours to the required standard. Optimised to give the best value capital and running costs. Built and tested to current BS EN and WIMES specifications. Guaranteed to achieve the required discharge odour concentration and supported by our skilled and experienced maintenance team. Minimising non-compliant emissions to atmosphere by regular, planned maintenance protects your reputation and saves you money. Our maintenance department can help keep your air pollution and odour control systems running effectively and at the lowest operating costs. Our specialist engineers are experts in maintaining most types of odour and air pollution control equipment and always work to the highest safety standards. We often save clients many thousands of pounds by repairing and enhancing dilapidated air pollution and odour control equipment. We are a framework supplier for odour control maintenance to Southern Water, Scottish Water and Thames Water, regularly maintaining more than 120 sites.

    Metasphere Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Metasphere helps customers prevent leaks and spills for a cleaner, greener world. As a wastewater application specialist business, we provide monitoring solutions to the global utility industry with over 40 000 installations in 25 major utilities. Metasphere liaises with all sectors of the industry, from major utility companies to environmental and regulatory bodies. Utilising the latest technology, we deliver intelligent, innovative all-in-one telemetry solutions that provide full network visibility, performance and forecasting that reduce telemetry ownership cost for customers to manage time-critical remote assets and systems. Our solutions are suited for Water, Wastewater, Environmental and Gas applications.

    3rd Light Media Ltd

    United Kingdom

    3rd Light Media provide technical documentation and design services for water and wastewater projects, both in the UK and internationally. We provide a range of documentation for projects, helping clients achieve their handover requirements and producing high quality documents which provide the end users with the information they need to operate and maintain the plants. We are a market leader in driving digital innovative solutions to our clients to ensure documentation is presented in new and dynamic ways, this includes development of web-based O&M manuals which can integrate with client I.T. systems such as SharePoint; Graphical design to enable data and documentation of assets on a site plan or P&ID to be available within just a few clicks of a button. Additionally, we have developed a QR coded asset tagging system and mobile App. Our services mean we can provide our clients with a single source for all handover documentation requirements. The services we can provide include: Operating and Maintenance Manuals (O&Ms) Site Operating Manual (SOM) Health & Safety Files Asset Data Registration Training Manuals Site Drawings (P&IDs, Process Flows, Site Layouts and Plans, GA’s, Single Line Diagrams and more) AutoCAD Drafting Services Additionally, we also provide a range of onsite services to further enhance being a one stop provider for all your project handover needs. Some of the onsite services we provide include: Asset Identification Tags (to meet all individual client specifications) Pipe Banding to BS1710 Site signage and labelling We also provide a range of design and pre-construction services, with experience when working with Tier 1 contractors at ECI / Outline Design stages of projects including: Functional Design Specifications Control Philosophies Factory Acceptance & Site Acceptance Tests for Software Testing Commissioning Plans and Sequencing Asset Condition Reports Verification Survey Works (Producing P&IDs, ICA and Electrical Design Proposals) We work as an integrated team with both contractors and clients to ensure all aspects of project handover are achieved to the highest standard. We are able to do this with our vast knowledge of individual water companies asset standards and specifications. We are also experienced in using portals such as TWEXnet, Asite, Aconex, Business Collaborator and Conject for uploading documents. Our team comprises of skilled and experienced site and process engineers with a vast knowledge of both water and wastewater treatment systems. Our team of engineers all hold EUSR Water Hygiene and CSCS cards as well as water company specific requirements such as the Thames Water Safety Passport. We also have an in-house graphic design team providing professionally drawn illustrations and drawings which are used within our documentation, helping to visualise written descriptions and processes. Our philosophy is to take the burden of producing documentation on projects away from our clients. Being skilled process engineers, we will visit sites to gather information and we work with your supply chain to coordinate the availability of all required documents and drawings, ensuring compliance with the end clients standards. We write all the technical content and detail to the highest standard, supported by expertly drawn diagrams and illustrations. Some of the water companies we have worked with include: Thames Water Affinity Water Yorkshire Water Southern Water Severn Trent South East Water United Utilities Welsh Water Bristol Water Essex & Suffolk Water Irish Water Haya Water We work both directly with water companies and Tier 1 and Tier 2 contractors. We work on projects of all sizes, from minor schemes to major £100+ million projects.

    Gurney Environmental Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Gurney Environmental is a well established provider of systems and technologies used in the treatment of water and wastewater. From water supply to water re-use, we have designed and developed innovative, low cost and sustainable systems for the water and wastewater industries. Low CAPEX plus low OPEX equals low TOTEX. True sustainability is the benchmark for success with Gurney. We offer unique water and wastewater treatment systems, equipment and design including zero-to-low energy www and reservoir destratification systems. Our experience and knowledge of the water and wastewater treatment industries has successfully helped a wide variety of clients including major landowners (such as the Crown Estate) and many of the UK’s water utility companies. Our systems are today recognised internationally with a growing number of foreign municipals. Gurney has a total commitment to quality. Our systems and solutions represent the finest in long-term value, which is why we place such a strong emphasis on equipment with sturdy construction and fewer moving parts. Our commitment to a low total life cost is a key part of a commitment to quality.

    Active Tunnelling Ltd

    United Kingdom

    As an industry leader since 1994, Active Tunnelling Ltd (ATL) is the UK’s most experienced independent, micro-tunnelling, auger boring, shaft sinking and pipe jacking company offering a comprehensive range of services to the water and civil engineering industries across the UK & Ireland. More than just a tunnelling company ATL delivers all encompassing projects solutions: whether it is a segmental shaft or complete project management from ‘tunnel’ to final landscaping, ATL delivers flexible, and tailor made solutions to suit any brief. ATL prides itself on its long list of clients that includes amongst others the UK’s leading construction companies and is proud to claim total satisfaction on every job. A dedicated and highly skilled/experienced sixty strong team are at the core of ATL’s success, this weight of experience backed by the UK’s largest independent specialist plant enables ATL to deliver on time every time. Services Our comprehensive range of services allows us to satisfy even the most demanding brief, even with short lead times you can place your trust in us leaving you to focus on other aspects of the project. Tunnelling and pipejacking: 1,000mm – 2,400mm diameter. Micro-tunnelling: 150mm – 900mm diameter. Auger boring: 150mm – 725mm diameter. Grouting. Shaft sinking. Cover slab construction. Timber headings. ATL offer Professional management team with over 30 years experience. Quick mobilisation to site. Technical support/design where required. Achilles UVDB Verify approved company. Quality Assured ISO 9001:2008 Registered Firm Cert. No. A11969. Fast response to enquiries. Fast and efficient service maintaining a high standard of safety. Specialist trenchless plant. A completed project to a high quality at a reasonable price. A willingness to work as one team with all parties to ensure satisfaction.

    Aquability OPS Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Aquability OPS Ltd was established in 2015 and is a leading technical consultancy providing optimised process solutions in the wastewater treatment industry. We are trusted partners of water companies, contractors and consultants and a member of British Water - the trade body representing the supply chain to government and the water companies. Director, Nicola Henderson is a chartered Chemical Engineer with over 27 years experience in the water industry and is one of the UK’s leading SBR experts. She is well known in the industry and previous tenures include Director of British Water and Chairman of British Water’s Technical Forum and Municipal Group. After graduating from Bath University in 1990 with a degree in Chemical & Bio Process Engineering, Nicola started her career in wastewater treatment at British Steel, responsible for the operation of their water and wastewater treatment systems. She then spent 24 years working in the design and build arena where she gained widespread experience in the water industry across a number of fields. Aquability OPS draw on Nicola’s extensive experience to offer technical expertise and bid support in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. We combine a mix of technical knowledge and practical application, providing comprehensive, tailored services across four areas to provide: Process expertise to solve our clients’ wastewater treatment challenges. Leading SBR expertise to ensure your SBR plant is a success. Commissioning and operational support for effective commissioning and trouble free operation. Bid support to develop innovative cost effective solutions, focused and persuasive bid writing and creative, engaging presentations. Our services help our customers to win work, build knowledge, reduce delivery and operating costs and avoid compliance issues. Our goal is to deliver successful outcomes for our Clients and develop trusting and long lasting relationships.

    RammSanderson

    United Kingdom

    RammSanderson is one of the fastest growing multi-disciplinary consultancies in the UK. Already partnered with some of the largest water infrastructure companies in England, RammSanderson specialises in: Ecology Flood risk management Arboriculture Habitat management Providing a pragmatic and cost-effective approach to projects on either a site-specific or framework basis, RammSanderson is founded on the principles of customer service, technical excellence, and pragmatic solution-based consulting. The company was founded in 2014 by Oliver Ramm, Nick Sanderson and Anthony Mellor, since when it has grown from strength to strength, with a diversified client portfolio spanning across infrastructure, utilities, commercial and residential sectors. Initially focusing primarily on ecology, the company has grown to encompass a wide variety of environment-based disciplines. This approach has yielded a multitude of benefits, allowing each individual discipline to effortlessly draw knowledge from a wider set of specialists while also allowing seamless delivery and straightforward accountability on more complex multidisciplinary projects.

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    Buyer's guide

    The buyer's guide to lithium extraction from water

    OverviewFAQScenarioQuestions to askCost driversRegulations

    Lithium Extraction from Brines and Geothermal Waters: DLE, Evaporation Pond, and Membrane Technologies

    Lithium extraction from brine sources (salt lake brines, geothermal brines, oilfield produced water) uses three main technology families. Traditional solar evaporation ponds (used in Atacama, Bolivia, Argentina) concentrate lithium from 200 to 1,500 mg per L to 60,000 mg per L by 12 to 18 months of evaporation, then recover lithium as lithium carbonate by precipitation. Evaporation ponds require flat, arid terrain with high evaporation rates; they are economically practical only in specific geographies, have high water consumption (evaporating large volumes), and are poorly suited to temperate or humid climates.

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies selectively extract lithium from brine without full evaporation, reducing water consumption and project timeline from years to hours or days. DLE technologies include: ion exchange sorbents (lithium manganese oxide (LMO) or lithium iron phosphate (LFP) sorbents with capacity 10 to 30 mg Li per g sorbent, selectivity over Na, K, Mg, Ca above 1,000:1); solvent extraction (ionic liquids or organophosphate extractants); and membrane electrodialysis (lithium-selective ion transport membranes, bidirectional ion transport). DLE produces a lithium-rich eluate at 1,000 to 5,000 mg per L Li, which is then purified by RO concentration and chemical precipitation to battery-grade lithium carbonate (99.5 percent purity minimum) or lithium hydroxide.

    Water management is central to lithium brine projects. Brine extraction affects regional groundwater and surface water hydrology; environmental impact assessment must quantify brine reinjection volumes and quality, and surface water level changes. Geothermal brine DLE (Salton Sea region, California; Upper Rhine Valley, Germany) extracts lithium from hot brines (150 to 300 degrees C, 200 to 400 mg per L Li) already brought to surface for power generation, then reinjects the depleted brine - a zero-net-surface-impact model. Freshwater use for DLE sorbent washing and chemical processing is 10 to 50 times lower per tonne of lithium than solar evaporation. Regulatory frameworks for brine extraction differ globally: US requires NEPA environmental review; Chile and Argentina require lithium production quota agreements.

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    Frequently asked questions

    What is Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) and how does it differ from evaporation ponds?

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) selectively removes lithium from brine using sorbents, ion exchange resins, membranes, or solvent extraction without concentrating the entire brine by evaporation. DLE advantages: (1) Speed - hours to days vs 12 to 18 months for evaporation; (2) Recovery rate - 80 to 90 percent vs 40 to 50 percent for evaporation ponds; (3) Water savings - 80 to 95 percent less freshwater consumed; (4) Geography independence - works in humid climates where evaporation is insufficient; (5) Selectivity - produces lithium concentrate directly, avoiding co-precipitation of impurities that complicate downstream processing. Trade-offs: DLE capital cost is higher than simple evaporation ponds, and sorbent regeneration requires acid or hot water, adding operating cost. Technology readiness levels vary: ion exchange sorbents (most mature, commercial deployments), solvent extraction (commercial in some applications), electrodialysis (pilot to demonstration scale).

    What water quality is needed for lithium extraction processing?

    DLE sorbent performance is sensitive to feedwater quality: high concentrations of competing divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) reduce lithium selectivity and sorbent capacity. Mg:Li ratio is a key brine quality metric: below 10:1 is suitable for most DLE technologies; above 40:1 (common in Atacama southern zones) requires pre-treatment by nanofiltration (rejects Mg2+ at 90 to 98 percent while passing Li+ at 20 to 50 percent selectivity, reducing Mg:Li ratio). Suspended solids must be below 1 to 5 mg per L to prevent sorbent fouling (pre-filtration by multimedia filter or cartridge filter). Fe, Mn, and silica must be controlled (below 0.1 mg per L Fe and Mn; below 20 mg per L SiO2) to prevent precipitation on sorbent surfaces during the high-pH elution step. Process water for sorbent washing (typically deionised or RO water) must be very low in lithium itself to prevent back-dilution of the eluate.

    What are the environmental impacts of lithium brine extraction?

    Water-related environmental impacts: (1) Brine aquifer drawdown - extraction of lithium brine reduces aquifer levels; inadequate reinjection volumes can lower shallow freshwater table and affect wetland ecosystems. Atacama wetlands supporting flamingo populations are under study for impacts from lithium brine extraction. (2) Surface water diversion - water used in brine processing (washing, chemical processing) diverts freshwater from water-scarce regions; Chilean DGA (water authority) regulates freshwater use in mining. (3) Evaporation pond area - ponds covering tens of km2 affect local hydrology and habitats. (4) Chemical contamination risk - acid and base reagents used in DLE processing require bunded storage and secondary containment. Responsible mining frameworks (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance, IRMA) and IFC Performance Standards require social and environmental management plans, water balance studies, and stakeholder engagement with local indigenous communities.

    Can lithium be extracted from seawater?

    Seawater contains 0.17 mg per L Li (compared to 200 to 1,500 mg per L in Atacama brines), making direct extraction from seawater energetically and economically challenging with current technologies. LMO sorbents can selectively adsorb lithium from seawater, but the dilute concentration requires processing enormous volumes (approximately 5,900 m3 seawater per kg Li vs approximately 2 m3 brine per kg Li for Atacama operations). Energy consumption is 30 to 60 times higher per tonne of lithium vs brine DLE. Research is active in Japan and South Korea (island nations with limited terrestrial lithium deposits) using combined desalination + lithium extraction systems to extract lithium from seawater concentrate (brine reject from SWRO plants, containing 0.34 mg per L Li, approximately twice seawater). No commercial seawater lithium extraction plant operates as of 2026; demonstration scale projects have been reported in China and Japan.

    Illustrative scenario · Geothermal energy and critical minerals

    A composite drawn from typical projects in this category, not a single client engagement. Figures are indicative.

    Challenge
    A geothermal energy developer in Cornwall (United Kingdom) co-producing hot brine at 180 degrees C from deep granite aquifers sought to evaluate lithium extraction from the brine as a secondary revenue stream. Brine lithium concentration was 220 mg per L with high competing cation concentrations (Mg:Li ratio of 6:1, Na concentration 14,000 mg per L). The developer needed to demonstrate commercial viability to investors before committing to a pilot plant.
    Approach
    Conducted a DLE sorbent feasibility study: laboratory-scale LMO sorbent columns were run with synthetic brine at site concentrations to determine equilibrium lithium capacity, selectivity over Mg and Na, and acid elution characteristics. Scaled the laboratory data to a 50 L per hr pilot plant design with a cost model for a full commercial DLE unit co-located with the geothermal power plant, using waste heat from the geothermal cycle for sorbent drying.
    Outcome
    LMO sorbent achieved 88 percent lithium selectivity over magnesium at site Mg:Li ratio, with sorbent capacity of 18 mg Li per g. Pilot plant design projected lithium recovery of 75 percent from 200 m3 per day of brine, yielding 3.3 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent per year. The cost model demonstrated positive NPV over 10 years at lithium carbonate prices above 12,000 USD per tonne, providing investor confidence for pilot plant funding.

    Questions to ask shortlisted providers

    5
    1. 01

      What DLE technology do you propose for our specific brine chemistry, and has the technology been validated at pilot or commercial scale on brines with a similar Mg:Li ratio and competing cation profile?

      DLE technology performance is highly sensitive to brine chemistry. An LMO sorbent validated on Atacama brine (Mg:Li 6:1) may perform very differently from oilfield produced water (Mg:Li 200:1). Ask for laboratory treatability data or pilot plant results using brine samples from your specific source, not from reference brines with different chemistry. Technology readiness level matters too: commercial vs pilot vs laboratory validation represents very different project risk.

    2. 02

      What are the water management requirements for DLE sorbent washing, and how will the wash water volume and quality affect the site water balance?

      DLE sorbent washing (to elute lithium and regenerate the sorbent) requires low-lithium water, typically deionised or RO permeate at very low lithium concentration. For a site in a water-stressed region, the wash water volume (typically 3 to 8 m3 per kg of lithium recovered) must be factored into the site water balance and abstraction licence. DLE processes that are self-described as 'low water' must quantify this precisely for your brine composition.

    3. 03

      What lithium product specification does the downstream market require, and does the proposed DLE process reliably achieve that specification?

      Battery-grade lithium carbonate requires above 99.5 percent purity with strict limits on Mg, Na, K, Ca, B, and Fe impurities. DLE eluate contains elevated concentrations of competing ions that must be removed by downstream purification (crystallisation, recrystallisation, nanofiltration). A DLE process that produces 97 percent purity lithium carbonate cannot access the battery precursor market and is worth significantly less per tonne. Confirm the downstream purification steps and the achievable product specification.

    4. 04

      What regulatory approvals are required for brine extraction at our site, and how long will the permitting process take?

      Brine extraction from deep geological formations in the UK requires an environmental permit from the Environment Agency for any dewatering above 20 m3 per day, and may require planning consent for surface processing facilities. In Chile and Argentina, lithium brine extraction is subject to national resource regulation and indigenous community consultation requirements. The permitting timeline (typically 12 to 36 months for a new brine extraction operation) is often the critical path item for project development.

    5. 05

      What is the projected price sensitivity of the business case, and at what lithium carbonate price does the project become unviable?

      Lithium carbonate prices have ranged from 5,000 USD per tonne to 80,000 USD per tonne over the 2018 to 2026 period, with extreme volatility driven by EV demand and supply cycles. A DLE project with a breakeven price above 15,000 USD per tonne has significant economic risk given the price cycles observed. Ask for the full economic model sensitivity table, showing IRR and NPV at lithium prices from 10,000 to 30,000 USD per tonne.

    What drives cost in this category

    4
    Brine lithium concentration and Mg:Li ratio
    DLE sorbent capital and operating cost per tonne of lithium recovered is inversely proportional to brine lithium concentration. Processing 100 mg per L Li brine requires twice the sorbent volume and twice the brine throughput versus 200 mg per L Li brine for the same output. High Mg:Li ratios (above 50:1) require nanofiltration pre-treatment to reduce Mg, adding 30 to 50 percent to capital cost and 20 to 40 percent to operating cost.
    DLE technology type and sorbent regeneration chemistry
    Single-use sorbent IX systems (sorbent discarded after one cycle, no regeneration): lowest capital cost but highest operating cost (sorbent 10,000 to 50,000 GBP per tonne, consumption 5 to 20 kg per tonne Li). Regenerable sorbents (LMO, LFP): moderate capital, low consumable cost, but require acid for regeneration and produce acid waste. CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactor) sorbent systems have lower capital than column systems but require solid-liquid separation equipment.
    Downstream purification to battery-grade specification
    DLE eluate purification to battery-grade lithium carbonate (above 99.5 percent purity) requires crystallisation, washing, and drying steps. Capital cost for a 1,000 tonne per year LCE downstream purification plant: 5 to 20 million GBP. Operating cost: 1,500 to 4,000 USD per tonne of LCE in energy, chemicals, and labour. This downstream cost is often underestimated in early project evaluations focused on the DLE extraction step only.
    Brine disposal and water balance
    Depleted brine after lithium extraction retains most of its original TDS (removing lithium at 200 mg per L from a 30,000 mg per L TDS brine reduces TDS by less than 1 percent). Brine must be reinjected to a permitted geological formation or managed as liquid waste. Reinjection well construction: 500,000 to 3,000,000 GBP per well. Failure to secure a reinjection permit before committing to a DLE plant makes the project unviable in inland locations.

    Key regulations and standards

    4
    Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016: Brine Extraction and Reinjection
    Extraction of brine from geological formations in England requires an environmental permit from the Environment Agency under EPR 2016 (mining waste and groundwater activities). Reinjection of depleted brine requires a separate groundwater activity permit specifying the permitted volume, injection zone, and monitoring requirements. The EA's groundwater protection policy (GP3) applies to all groundwater activities; injection of brine above 200 mg per L total dissolved solids into chalk or sandstone aquifers may be restricted under aquifer vulnerability criteria.
    UK REACH: Lithium Compounds in Downstream Processing
    UK REACH (retained EU REACH Regulation) requires registration of chemical substances manufactured or imported above 1 tonne per year, including lithium compounds (lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide) produced at or imported to a UK processing facility. DLE project developers must confirm REACH registration status for all produced lithium compounds and for sorbent regeneration acids and bases used on site. Lithium is not currently an SVHC but regulatory status is subject to review.
    Planning Permission: Mining and Mineral Extraction
    DLE surface processing facilities (sorbent columns, brine storage tanks, downstream crystallisation plant) require full planning permission from the local planning authority under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Facilities on sites already permitted for geothermal energy or mining may be covered by existing planning consents, but material changes to site footprint or process chemistry typically require a planning amendment. Environmental Impact Assessment under the Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 is required for developments above specified thresholds.
    Environment Act 2021: Critical Minerals Strategy and Resource Security
    The UK Government's Critical Minerals Strategy (2023) designates lithium as a critical mineral for net-zero transition. The Environment Act 2021 and associated planning policy supports domestic critical mineral production, including streamlining environmental permitting for demonstrably low-impact extraction projects. UKRI Faraday Battery Challenge and Innovate UK funds are available for DLE pilot projects in the UK, reducing early-stage capital requirements and de-risking technology validation.

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