Reuse, Recovery & Stormwater

    Lithium Extraction from Water Companies

    Direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brines and produced water, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane-based systems.

    38 providers

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    Gurney Environmental Ltd logo

    Gurney Environmental Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Gurney Environmental is a well established provider of systems and technologies used in the treatment of water and wastewater. From water supply to water re-use, we have designed and developed innovative, low cost and sustainable systems for the water and wastewater industries. Low CAPEX plus low OPEX equals low TOTEX. True sustainability is the benchmark for success with Gurney. We offer unique water and wastewater treatment systems, equipment and design including zero-to-low energy www and reservoir destratification systems. Our experience and knowledge of the water and wastewater treatment industries has successfully helped a wide variety of clients including major landowners (such as the Crown Estate) and many of the UK’s water utility companies. Our systems are today recognised internationally with a growing number of foreign municipals. Gurney has a total commitment to quality. Our systems and solutions represent the finest in long-term value, which is why we place such a strong emphasis on equipment with sturdy construction and fewer moving parts. Our commitment to a low total life cost is a key part of a commitment to quality.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Hayes GFS Ltd logo

    Hayes GFS Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Hayes GFS Ltd are recognised throughout the water industry as experts in the supply, installation and refurbishment of glass-fused-to-steel tanks, epoxy coated tanks and stainless steel tanks, from anaerobic digesters to potable water storage solutions to Nerada tanks. Our experience as framework suppliers to many UK water companies and having worked on projects throughout the Europe, America and the Middle East, has given us an unprecedented insight into the needs and demands of a variety of distinguished clients. Services include: The supply and installation of Permastore glass-fused-to-steel tanks and silos, fusion bonded epoxy, stainless steel tanks and GRP roofs. On-site tank surveys and condition reports. Emergency repairs. Refurbishment and replacement of existing tanks and roofs. Design, manufacture, supply and retrospective fitting of all tank related ancillaries, including access steelwork, decant pipework, tank Insulation and cladding.

    Project Planning & Surveying
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Hydro International logo

    Hydro International

    United Kingdom

    Hydro International, a CRH company,  provides advanced products, services and expertise to help municipal, industrial and construction customers to improve their water management processes, increase operational performance and reduce environmental impact. Hydro International can help water companies meet their AMP and environmental obligations, including the reduction of sewer overflows and the Water Industry National Environment Programme (WINEP). Hydro International provides total solutions for Inlet Works, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), Stormwater Management, Flood Warning and Prevention, and Water Resource management, from design to supply and installation through to ongoing preventative maintenance, servicing and emergency repair.  These solutions include: Hydrometric data collection, monitoring analysis and reporting for river level, reservoir, network and weather. Continuous water quality monitoring for compliance with Section 82 of the Environment Act. Water resource analysis and consultancy. Stormwater management solutions, including options for Sustainable Drainage Systems. (SuDS) and Smart Maintenance. CSO event duration monitoring. CSO and storm tank treatment and screening. Passive flow controls for flood prevention schemes, SuDS, CSOs and WwTWs. Inlet works screening and grit removal solutions. Sludge screening. Dropping sewage or water safely from height. Hire, repair and maintenance of inlet works screens and screenings handling equipment

    Networks - Sewerage
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Industrial Pipework Services logo

    Industrial Pipework Services

    United Kingdom

    At Industrial Pipework Services, we provide bespoke engineering services. With over 25 years’ experience IPS can offer complete mechanical engineering solutions including design, manufacture & installation services. Our experienced workforce are trained to the highest standards. IPS is situated within easy access to the M4 corridor approximately 30 minutes North of Cardiff. The company embraces innovative thinking while utilising the latest technology. IPS operating base comprises of 30,000 square foot of workshops, offices and assembly areas.  The Workshops are fully segregated for the manufacture of both carbon steel and stainless-steel products and are serviced by dedicated overhead gantry cranes. With over two decades of engineering experience the company strives to combine first class engineering and design to deliver the high quality that is required.  The Company maintains a proactive approach, working closely with our Clients to achieve our collective aims for each scheme. This ambition is underpinned by an uncompromising commitment to attain the highest standards of health, safety and environmental care. IPS provides continued excellence in design, manufacturing and installation gained from many years experience within the industry. Our In-House design capability allows the company to provide a full engineering design service using the latest Auto CAD software packages. IPS offers a design service for both pipework and steelwork systems from proposal drawings to the production of as built drawings. IPS Design Office provides all relevant AutoCAD drawings for steelwork and pipework, Isometric drawings for fabrication, general layout drawings for plant and equipment and As Built drawings. Structural steelwork calculations and flow characteristics are also provided as required. IPS offer a full 3D surveying services and production of cloud point data for project modelling. IPS operates primarily within the Water Industry and provides services for both clean water and sewage. IPS is a Tier One Mechanical Engineering Specialists Provider to Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water and the Strategic Alliance. IPS operate nationally and have delivered projects throughout the UK for many Water Utility companies including Anglian Water, Thames Water and Bristol Water. Continual improvement into our infrastructure and the development of new IT systems has brought us to a level consistent with the requirements of our clients. IPS offers a complete project management service, including operation of Principal Contractor role as well as delivering turnkey projects. Experience gained in the water industry has enabled us to manage the competing demands of cost, quality and safety for all our projects.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    Intelect logo

    Intelect

    United Kingdom

    At Intelect, we have over 25 years experience in providing engineering expertise to clients in process industries. Intelect have worked with Northumbrian Water and its Tier 1 suppliers and partners for over a decade, and during this time, we have provided services in design, electrical installation, control panels and pipework services. Our attention to detail, quality, and attitude to Health and Safety has been consistently recognised by our clients over the years, with us receiving numerous awards for the projects we have completed. Our flexible workforce of apprentices, engineers and project managers allows us to efficiently complete any project to our client’s requirements. On-going innovation and investment in our business means that we have the latest training and technology to execute high quality engineering projects, from design through to commissioning, all whilst maintaining best practices in Health and Safety. Intelect are committed to working in partnership with both contractors and suppliers within the utility sector, sharing our expertise and knowledge to help support companies who provide utilities to homes and businesses across the North East and the rest of the country.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    JN Bentley Ltd logo

    JN Bentley Ltd

    United Kingdom

    JN Bentley Ltd (JNB) is a leading, privately owned construction services provider in the UK. We now have an annual turnover in the region of £100 million, generated from projects in both the building and civil engineering markets. JN Bentley JN Bentley delivers civil engineering contracting services, together with mechanical and electrical expertise. Founded in 1972, the company has grown largely from repeat work, maintaining a focus on providing construction services with an open and honest approach. The JN Bentley team numbers over 2,000 colleagues. We pride ourselves on our large, directly employed construction workforce, a team that gives us and our clients added assurances for safety and quality. We look to find innovative solutions to traditional construction challenges, applying the latest technologies to drive efficiency and reach sustainable outcomes. Across JN Bentley and our design and build companies MMB and JBA Bentley, annual revenue now exceeds £500 million. Mott MacDonald Bentley (MMB) MMB provides fully integrated civil engineering feasibility, design, construction and commissioning services to the UK water sector. Established in 1999, it harnesses the contracting strength of JN Bentley and the design specialisms of Mott MacDonald to form a 3,000-strong team – with further expertise brought in from across the Mott MacDonald Group when required. MMB was formed specifically to deliver long-term, high-volume capital programmes collaboratively with water companies. With a focus on innovation, affordability, and flexibility, since securing its first contracts with Yorkshire Water in AMP3, MMB has grown to deliver work for eight of the largest water companies in the UK.

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Contractors
    Mott MacDonald logo

    Mott MacDonald

    United Kingdom

    We are proud of being a world-class independent management, engineering and development consultancy. Being independent, wholly owned by our people, puts us in charge of our own journey and allows us to focus on what we believe is important for our clients, our colleagues and the communities we work and live in. We have more than 100 years’ experience in the water sector and are experts in every aspect of water development, with all the skills and commitment to deliver solutions that benefit every stakeholder.  We also established Mott MacDonald Bentley more than twenty years ago to deliver long-term programmes of work through a strategic focus, effective communication and flexibility in different models of working.  We are experts at building a trusted relationship with our clients. From investment planning to operational support, design to capacity building we work with private investors and listed companies, as well as national and local governments across the world in both developing and developed regions. As advisors, we think laterally and find the connections that others fail to make. We are pioneers with a thirst for innovation, who understand the challenges facing the water industry today, including biodiversity net gain, natural capital and ecosystem services, the practicalities of the journey to net zero, nature-based solutions and natural flood management and the need to consider everything from a fresh angle and turn obstacles into sustainable paths for both businesses and the lives they touch every day.

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Designers
    R2M Limited logo

    R2M Limited

    United Kingdom

    At R2M, we are driven by a passion for creating innovative solutions that help build a smarter, more resilient water industry. Our mission is to deliver effective, high-quality products and services to UK water utilities and contractors, continually striving to enhance the nation's water supply for future generations. Founded in 2003 as a supplier of pipes and fittings, R2M quickly earned a reputation for reliability through our extensive product range and robust stock levels—ensuring our customers always had what they needed, when they needed it. Over the years, we have evolved from a trusted supplier into a comprehensive manufacturer and installer too. Today, we offer end-to-end solutions—all under one roof—streamlining the process for our customers and providing exceptional value at every stage. We are proud to be used trusted by all water utilities and contractors across the UK. Since 2019, R2M has proudly been a member of the Hawle Austria Group—a global network of like-minded, quality-focused companies including the likes of Hawle Austria, Erhard, Nova Siria, and Özkan. This partnership gives us exclusive access to a wide portfolio of innovative and proven products from across the group, allowing us to offer tailored solutions that meet the evolving needs of our customers. Being a part of this established and experienced group strengthens our capabilities, expands our product range, and ensures we stay at the forefront of the industry—so our customers always benefit from world-class technologies backed by local expertise. Are you ready to discover how our solutions can support your next project? Get in touch with us today on 01282 778 030.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    RammSanderson logo

    RammSanderson

    United Kingdom

    RammSanderson is one of the fastest growing multi-disciplinary consultancies in the UK. Already partnered with some of the largest water infrastructure companies in England, RammSanderson specialises in: Ecology Flood risk management Arboriculture Habitat management Providing a pragmatic and cost-effective approach to projects on either a site-specific or framework basis, RammSanderson is founded on the principles of customer service, technical excellence, and pragmatic solution-based consulting. The company was founded in 2014 by Oliver Ramm, Nick Sanderson and Anthony Mellor, since when it has grown from strength to strength, with a diversified client portfolio spanning across infrastructure, utilities, commercial and residential sectors. Initially focusing primarily on ecology, the company has grown to encompass a wide variety of environment-based disciplines. This approach has yielded a multitude of benefits, allowing each individual discipline to effortlessly draw knowledge from a wider set of specialists while also allowing seamless delivery and straightforward accountability on more complex multidisciplinary projects.

    Designers
    Vegetation Management
    Sewaco Ltd logo

    Sewaco Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Sewaco Ltd specializes in design, manufacture, supply and construction of purpose built plant and equipment for use in water supply systems and treatment of municipal sewage and industrial waste water. Our range of products includes: HYCOVER Static & Rotary distributor systems (from 5 l/s up to 980 l/s flow range) with optional auto cleanse and electro pneumatic belt drive mechanism, respectively. HYRATE Polytower biofilter systems using modular plastic media for: High Rate (BOD/COD reduction), upstream of existing treatment plant. Secondary ( BOD removal only or combined BOD removal/Nitrification). Tertiary Nitrification applications, downstream of existing secondary treatment processes. HYRATE Polytowers can easily incorporate natural ventilation or air extraction systems for odour control purposes, as required. Factory built timber support matrix for secondary modular plastic media support. Modular media installation and re-packing undertaken by our experienced site team.

    Treatment Works Products/Services
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Siltbuster Group logo

    Siltbuster Group

    United Kingdom

    Established for over 20 years, the Siltbuster Limited provides rapidly deployable, “modular off the shelf” water treatment solutions to the construction, industrial and municipal markets, with a client base ranging from the world’s most recognisable multi-national corporations to small enterprises. Siltbuster provides a wide range of water and wastewater treatment equipment for the industrial and municipal markets, including: Packaged lamella dissolved air flotation (DAF) units. Lamella clarifiers. Packaged biological treatment systems. Oil/water separators. Pipe flocculators. Reaction tanks. Containerised dosing systems. In the UK, Siltbuster has pioneered the concept of offering this plant through our extensive hire fleet. Approximately 20 major contracts and circa 50 smaller projects are undertaken each year for a diverse range of clients, many of which are some of the UK’s best-known companies. In addition to the industrial/municipal sector, Siltbuster has undertaken a number of mine water treatment projects in many countries, for example, the UK, Ireland, Greece, France, USA, Canada, Australia and Slovakia. The Siltbuster team pride themselves in their ability to react rapidly and in compliance with the project constraints, delivering mobile or permanent solutions tailored to meet your individual needs.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Spaans Babcock Ltd logo

    Spaans Babcock Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Spaans Babcock was established in 1897 and has been supplying equipment into the water industry since this date. The company are the world’s largest supplier of Archimedes screws having thousands of screws installed throughout the UK & tens of thousands worldwide. Additionally the company supply, install and maintain aeration equipment (surface and brush aerators), screens and screenings handling equipment, a complete range of flow isolation equipment including penstocks, flap valves and stop-boards. Over recent years the company has expanded significantly with the addition of Archimedes screw generators to its product range. This is a natural progression for the product which is perfectly suited to low head applications, they offer several advantages over alternative technologies including no requirement for fine screens, fish friendliness, non-blocking and low maintenance due to the simple & robust design. The screw generator is offered in various alternative designs to suit given site circumstances. Spaans have agreements in place with many of the UK Water companies & agencies for the design, manufacture, supply, installation and maintenance of their equipment. Centrally based in Heywood, the company offers a full range of services from supply only contracts through to development of complete bespoke packages. Project management is handled by the companies own project teams and the company has its own SHE officer to ensure compliance with the stringent UK requirements. All installation and maintenance work is handled by in house teams of engineers.

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Steve Vick International Ltd logo

    Steve Vick International Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Steve Vick International (SVI) is dedicated to delivering cost-saving solutions for damaged, redundant or outdated underground pipework. Since its foundation in 1981, SVI has been at the forefront in developing products and techniques for the repair, renovation and decommissioning of pipes. Predominantly our work has been in the gas industry but increasingly we are undertaking projects in the water and nuclear sectors. We are the UK’s leading producer of Pipe Coil Trailers and offer a range of Pipe Handling equipment such as Handlers, Crackers and Cutters. Some of our latest innovations include the PE Pipe Cutter, the Pipe Feeder for Pre-Insulated coiled pipe, PE Live Head for Live Mains Insertion, the Perpetual Pipe Pusher, FBOS (Foambag Operation on Stubs) and SMARTester. WATER: For over 20 years water utilities and their contractors in the UK and overseas have used our pipe handling equipment to improve their efficiency and safety. Today our products include Pipe Handlers, Pipe Coil Trailers and Pipe Cutters as well as our patented DRAINBLOCK™ and RATBLOCK™ sealing systems. GAS: In the UK we are major suppliers to all the gas distribution networks. Many of the techniques we have pioneered have become the preferred methods of working in the industry and our resin foam sealant products and associated equipment are key to many of the cost-saving renovation processes used. NUCLEAR: SVI offer solutions to the problems associated with decommissioning and sealing disused pipework, ducts, sleeves and ventilation shafts. Our technology can also be designed for the mass filling of large and complex voids and is a lightweight alternative to cement grout. We have worked at Hinkley, Sellafield, Harwell, Chapelcross and Hunterston. CONTRACT SERVICES: A rapidly expanding part of our business is our Contract Service department who are well known for their work in the field of renewing and repairing underground gas pipes, for the UK Gas Distribution Networks. However, they are becoming increasingly involved in projects being undertaken by water utilities, electricity providers, rail networks, civil engineers, construction companies and local councils. This reflects the range of skills and expertise available to solve on-site problems associated with pipe repair, renovation, and diversion. Located strategically around the UK the highly skilled team can provide a fast response, emergency repairs and a rapid call out service which is offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. HIRE: We offer specialist plant and equipment for the Utilities Industries. Products available for hire include our Pipe Handlers, Perpetual Pipe Pusher, Pipe Coil Trailers, Rapid Rotary Cutters, Rapid Window Cutters, MACAW Pipe Crackers, CRACKERJACK and Mini Purge. All our hire equipment comes with onsite support from our highly experienced engineers and our products are fully maintained and serviced at our depots. All equipment is also available to purchase. SMARTester: SMARTester is the wireless pressure test system, that ensures absolute traceability and best practice. The system combines: SMARTester pressure sensor, an intuitive App and a Dashboard database of test evidence. Together the 3 components work to give you confidence that your tests are highly accurate, fully compliant and that evidence is traceable.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    SUEZ Advanced Solutions UK Ltd logo

    SUEZ Advanced Solutions UK Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Unique integrated water solutions and unrivalled expertise. Suez Advanced Solutions UK deliver innovative methods of water and wastewater management throughout the UK. Working with a wide range of customers in the industrial and utility sectors, SUEZ Advanced Solutions UK are focussed on tailored and integrated process solutions for measurable results. Suez Advanced Solutions UK’s suite of environmental technologies and services deliver optimised methods of water network management for the water sector. Utilising a wealth and depth of experience in water and sewerage networks, a wide range of pioneering and innovative process solutions are now successfully providing commercial benefits to water companies, and improving service quality for the end user. Our industrial water specialists deliver bespoke solutions based on the specific needs and process requirements of the customer, to provide reduced costs, energy and water consumption. Committed to continuous development through technical innovation, Suez Advanced Solutions UK transfer knowledge and expertise from a diverse range of industrial sectors, offering a comprehensive understanding of processes and relevant environmental and industry legislations.

    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Asset Management
    Technocover Ltd logo

    Technocover Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Technocover is an approved ISO 14001:2004 Environmental and ISO 9001:2008 Quality Accredited Company, dedicated to the Design, Manufacture, Installation and Maintenance of Physical Security Access Solutions for protection to all industrial sectors. Our extensive in-house design and manufacturing facilities are home to well established research and development unit and comprehensive testing facility. Our commercial offices incorporate our design team who utilise the latest computer aided design technology and work alongside our dedicated planning section who oversee everything from surveying, scheduling and contract reviews, to the management of framework agreements. We have been designing and manufacturing innovative steel products since 1993. In that time, through organic growth, planned expansion and acquisition, we have gained a reputation as the UK’s leading supplier of Physical Steel Security Access Products. We have a range of aperture security solutions for virtually every application, establishments in the UK and overseas have sought our expertise in providing security products for asset protection. We operate a Total Service Philosophy and can handle complete projects from site survey to final installation, whether for new or refurbishing projects, the adaptability of our galvanised steel access products means the most complex design criteria can be met. Our range of high quality access products offer custom built operational and security solutions to prevent unauthorised persons gaining access, securing key assets against all levels of trespass, malicious vandalism, theft, extortion, contamination or terrorism. Many of our access system products have been tested and approved by the Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPCB)  to LPS 1175 issue 5 or above, Security Rating Levels 2, 3, 4 or 5. Frameworks We hold both exclusive and shared framework agreements with most of the major UK water companies. Framework Security items include: LPCB Level 2 Universal Gas Cylinder Clamps LPCB Level 3 Mesh Cage Systems LPCB Level 3 Flush Access Covers LPCB Level 4 Upstand Access Covers LPCB Level 4 Padlockable Access Doors LPCB Level 4 Key Entry Doors LPCB Level 4 Enclosures/Kiosks/Cabinets LPCB Level 4 Walk-In Modular Buildings LPCB Level 4 Window Bar Sets LPCB Level 5 Louvres

    Security Solutions
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Total Automation & Power logo

    Total Automation & Power

    United Kingdom

    Total Automation & Power (TAP) is a formal joint venture between Cougar Automation Ltd and Technical Control Systems Ltd. Formed in 2005, it has delivered hundreds of projects worth tens of millions of pounds. Current water and wastewater frameworks include Severn Trent, Thames, Welsh & Yorkshire Water. Working with TAP is just like working with a single company. Every project has a dedicated project manager who coordinates all the work and gives you a single point of contact. You place a single order for all of your electrical and control system design, supply and installation so you can concentrate on delivering your project without having to worry about placing and managing separate orders for MCCs, a control system and electrical installation. Unlike separate orders, both companies stand behind the whole scope and unlike a contract/sub-contract arrangement we don’t mark up each other’s price. Projects are easy to manage, secure and competitively priced. Supporting clients from initial concept design stage through to on-site commissioning, TAP collaborates with clients at every stage to evaluate designs to optimise TOTEX outcomes. When you choose TAP as your partner you get an unrivalled combination of expertise: Control System, SCADA & PLC expertise from Cougar Automation in six regional offices throughout the UK. MCC, low voltage assembly and panel expertise from Technical Control Systems’ manufacturing facility in Leeds.

    Networks - Sewerage
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Trant Engineering Ltd logo

    Trant Engineering Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Trant provide high quality engineering and project delivery services to the municipal & industrial process & water treatment markets in the UK and Internationally. We have 60 years’ experience in the successful delivery of complex water, wastewater and process treatment solutions for the main UK process & water companies. We develop innovative, cutting edge process and water solutions using advanced technology. Working closely with our technology partner SFC Umwelttechnik, we are able to utilise proven advanced technology resulting in optimal solutions for our water and process industry clients in the UK and internationally. Our in-house design teams understand the stringent regulatory challenges faced by our clients and ensure that efficiency, resilience and sustainability are factored into all design solutions. Our design studio use the latest software including BIM, augmented and virtual reality to develop and detail high tech treatment process outputs. Our control & automation and offsite manufacturing & assembly facilities enable us to provide full in-house capability from project conception through to commissioning.

    Networks - Sewerage
    Accreditations

    Lithium Extraction from Brines and Geothermal Waters: DLE, Evaporation Pond, and Membrane Technologies

    Lithium extraction from brine sources (salt lake brines, geothermal brines, oilfield produced water) uses three main technology families. Traditional solar evaporation ponds (used in Atacama, Bolivia, Argentina) concentrate lithium from 200 to 1,500 mg per L to 60,000 mg per L by 12 to 18 months of evaporation, then recover lithium as lithium carbonate by precipitation. Evaporation ponds require flat, arid terrain with high evaporation rates; they are economically practical only in specific geographies, have high water consumption (evaporating large volumes), and are poorly suited to temperate or humid climates.

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies selectively extract lithium from brine without full evaporation, reducing water consumption and project timeline from years to hours or days. DLE technologies include: ion exchange sorbents (lithium manganese oxide (LMO) or lithium iron phosphate (LFP) sorbents with capacity 10 to 30 mg Li per g sorbent, selectivity over Na, K, Mg, Ca above 1,000:1); solvent extraction (ionic liquids or organophosphate extractants); and membrane electrodialysis (LiTAS, bidirectional ion transport). DLE produces a lithium-rich eluate at 1,000 to 5,000 mg per L Li, which is then purified by RO concentration and chemical precipitation to battery-grade lithium carbonate (99.5 percent purity minimum) or lithium hydroxide.

    Water management is central to lithium brine projects. Brine extraction affects regional groundwater and surface water hydrology; environmental impact assessment must quantify brine reinjection volumes and quality, and surface water level changes. Geothermal brine DLE (Salton Sea region, California; Vulcan Energy, Germany) extracts lithium from hot brines (150 to 300 degrees C, 200 to 400 mg per L Li) already brought to surface for power generation, then reinjects the depleted brine - a zero-net-surface-impact model. Freshwater use for DLE sorbent washing and chemical processing is 10 to 50 times lower per tonne of lithium than solar evaporation. Regulatory frameworks for brine extraction differ globally: US requires NEPA environmental review; Chile and Argentina require lithium production quota agreements.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) and how does it differ from evaporation ponds?

    Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) selectively removes lithium from brine using sorbents, ion exchange resins, membranes, or solvent extraction without concentrating the entire brine by evaporation. DLE advantages: (1) Speed - hours to days vs 12 to 18 months for evaporation; (2) Recovery rate - 80 to 90 percent vs 40 to 50 percent for evaporation ponds; (3) Water savings - 80 to 95 percent less freshwater consumed; (4) Geography independence - works in humid climates where evaporation is insufficient; (5) Selectivity - produces lithium concentrate directly, avoiding co-precipitation of impurities that complicate downstream processing. Trade-offs: DLE capital cost is higher than simple evaporation ponds, and sorbent regeneration requires acid or hot water, adding operating cost. Technology readiness levels vary: ion exchange sorbents (most mature, commercial deployments), solvent extraction (commercial in some applications), electrodialysis (pilot to demonstration scale).

    What water quality is needed for lithium extraction processing?

    DLE sorbent performance is sensitive to feedwater quality: high concentrations of competing divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) reduce lithium selectivity and sorbent capacity. Mg:Li ratio is a key brine quality metric: below 10:1 is suitable for most DLE technologies; above 40:1 (common in Atacama southern zones) requires pre-treatment by nanofiltration (rejects Mg2+ at 90 to 98 percent while passing Li+ at 20 to 50 percent selectivity, reducing Mg:Li ratio). Suspended solids must be below 1 to 5 mg per L to prevent sorbent fouling (pre-filtration by multimedia filter or cartridge filter). Fe, Mn, and silica must be controlled (below 0.1 mg per L Fe and Mn; below 20 mg per L SiO2) to prevent precipitation on sorbent surfaces during the high-pH elution step. Process water for sorbent washing (typically deionised or RO water) must be very low in lithium itself to prevent back-dilution of the eluate.

    What are the environmental impacts of lithium brine extraction?

    Water-related environmental impacts: (1) Brine aquifer drawdown - extraction of lithium brine reduces aquifer levels; inadequate reinjection volumes can lower shallow freshwater table and affect wetland ecosystems. Atacama wetlands supporting flamingo populations are under study for impacts from lithium brine extraction. (2) Surface water diversion - water used in brine processing (washing, chemical processing) diverts freshwater from water-scarce regions; Chilean DGA (water authority) regulates freshwater use in mining. (3) Evaporation pond area - ponds covering tens of km2 affect local hydrology and habitats. (4) Chemical contamination risk - acid and base reagents used in DLE processing require bunded storage and secondary containment. Responsible mining frameworks (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance, IRMA) and IFC Performance Standards require social and environmental management plans, water balance studies, and stakeholder engagement with local indigenous communities.

    Can lithium be extracted from seawater?

    Seawater contains 0.17 mg per L Li (compared to 200 to 1,500 mg per L in Atacama brines), making direct extraction from seawater energetically and economically challenging with current technologies. LMO sorbents can selectively adsorb lithium from seawater, but the dilute concentration requires processing enormous volumes (approximately 5,900 m3 seawater per kg Li vs approximately 2 m3 brine per kg Li for Atacama operations). Energy consumption is 30 to 60 times higher per tonne of lithium vs brine DLE. Research is active in Japan and South Korea (island nations with limited terrestrial lithium deposits) using combined desalination + lithium extraction systems to extract lithium from seawater concentrate (brine reject from SWRO plants, containing 0.34 mg per L Li, approximately twice seawater). No commercial seawater lithium extraction plant operates as of 2026; demonstration scale projects have been reported in China and Japan.

    Case Study·Geothermal energy and critical minerals
    Challenge

    A geothermal energy developer in Cornwall (United Kingdom) co-producing hot brine at 180 degrees C from deep granite aquifers sought to evaluate lithium extraction from the brine as a secondary revenue stream. Brine lithium concentration was 220 mg per L with high competing cation concentrations (Mg:Li ratio of 6:1, Na concentration 14,000 mg per L). The developer needed to demonstrate commercial viability to investors before committing to a pilot plant.

    Approach

    Conducted a DLE sorbent feasibility study: laboratory-scale LMO sorbent columns were run with synthetic brine at site concentrations to determine equilibrium lithium capacity, selectivity over Mg and Na, and acid elution characteristics. Scaled the laboratory data to a 50 L per hr pilot plant design with a cost model for a full commercial DLE unit co-located with the geothermal power plant, using waste heat from the geothermal cycle for sorbent drying.

    Outcome

    LMO sorbent achieved 88 percent lithium selectivity over magnesium at site Mg:Li ratio, with sorbent capacity of 18 mg Li per g. Pilot plant design projected lithium recovery of 75 percent from 200 m3 per day of brine, yielding 3.3 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent per year. The cost model demonstrated positive NPV over 10 years at lithium carbonate prices above 12,000 USD per tonne, providing investor confidence for pilot plant funding.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    1. 1

      What DLE technology do you propose for our specific brine chemistry, and has the technology been validated at pilot or commercial scale on brines with a similar Mg:Li ratio and competing cation profile?

      DLE technology performance is highly sensitive to brine chemistry. An LMO sorbent validated on Atacama brine (Mg:Li 6:1) may perform very differently from oilfield produced water (Mg:Li 200:1). Ask for laboratory treatability data or pilot plant results using brine samples from your specific source, not from reference brines with different chemistry. Technology readiness level matters too: commercial vs pilot vs laboratory validation represents very different project risk.

    2. 2

      What are the water management requirements for DLE sorbent washing, and how will the wash water volume and quality affect the site water balance?

      DLE sorbent washing (to elute lithium and regenerate the sorbent) requires low-lithium water, typically deionised or RO permeate at very low lithium concentration. For a site in a water-stressed region, the wash water volume (typically 3 to 8 m3 per kg of lithium recovered) must be factored into the site water balance and abstraction licence. DLE processes that are self-described as 'low water' must quantify this precisely for your brine composition.

    3. 3

      What lithium product specification does the downstream market require, and does the proposed DLE process reliably achieve that specification?

      Battery-grade lithium carbonate requires above 99.5 percent purity with strict limits on Mg, Na, K, Ca, B, and Fe impurities. DLE eluate contains elevated concentrations of competing ions that must be removed by downstream purification (crystallisation, recrystallisation, nanofiltration). A DLE process that produces 97 percent purity lithium carbonate cannot access the battery precursor market and is worth significantly less per tonne. Confirm the downstream purification steps and the achievable product specification.

    4. 4

      What regulatory approvals are required for brine extraction at our site, and how long will the permitting process take?

      Brine extraction from deep geological formations in the UK requires an environmental permit from the Environment Agency for any dewatering above 20 m3 per day, and may require planning consent for surface processing facilities. In Chile and Argentina, lithium brine extraction is subject to national resource regulation and indigenous community consultation requirements. The permitting timeline (typically 12 to 36 months for a new brine extraction operation) is often the critical path item for project development.

    5. 5

      What is the projected price sensitivity of the business case, and at what lithium carbonate price does the project become unviable?

      Lithium carbonate prices have ranged from 5,000 USD per tonne to 80,000 USD per tonne over the 2018 to 2026 period, with extreme volatility driven by EV demand and supply cycles. A DLE project with a breakeven price above 15,000 USD per tonne has significant economic risk given the price cycles observed. Ask for the full economic model sensitivity table, showing IRR and NPV at lithium prices from 10,000 to 30,000 USD per tonne.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    Brine lithium concentration and Mg:Li ratio

    DLE sorbent capital and operating cost per tonne of lithium recovered is inversely proportional to brine lithium concentration. Processing 100 mg per L Li brine requires twice the sorbent volume and twice the brine throughput versus 200 mg per L Li brine for the same output. High Mg:Li ratios (above 50:1) require nanofiltration pre-treatment to reduce Mg, adding 30 to 50 percent to capital cost and 20 to 40 percent to operating cost.

    DLE technology type and sorbent regeneration chemistry

    Single-use sorbent IX systems (sorbent discarded after one cycle, no regeneration): lowest capital cost but highest operating cost (sorbent 10,000 to 50,000 GBP per tonne, consumption 5 to 20 kg per tonne Li). Regenerable sorbents (LMO, LFP): moderate capital, low consumable cost, but require acid for regeneration and produce acid waste. CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactor) sorbent systems have lower capital than column systems but require solid-liquid separation equipment.

    Downstream purification to battery-grade specification

    DLE eluate purification to battery-grade lithium carbonate (above 99.5 percent purity) requires crystallisation, washing, and drying steps. Capital cost for a 1,000 tonne per year LCE downstream purification plant: 5 to 20 million GBP. Operating cost: 1,500 to 4,000 USD per tonne of LCE in energy, chemicals, and labour. This downstream cost is often underestimated in early project evaluations focused on the DLE extraction step only.

    Brine disposal and water balance

    Depleted brine after lithium extraction retains most of its original TDS (removing lithium at 200 mg per L from a 30,000 mg per L TDS brine reduces TDS by less than 1 percent). Brine must be reinjected to a permitted geological formation or managed as liquid waste. Reinjection well construction: 500,000 to 3,000,000 GBP per well. Failure to secure a reinjection permit before committing to a DLE plant makes the project unviable in inland locations.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016 -- Brine Extraction and Reinjection

    Extraction of brine from geological formations in England requires an environmental permit from the Environment Agency under EPR 2016 (mining waste and groundwater activities). Reinjection of depleted brine requires a separate groundwater activity permit specifying the permitted volume, injection zone, and monitoring requirements. The EA's groundwater protection policy (GP3) applies to all groundwater activities; injection of brine above 200 mg per L total dissolved solids into chalk or sandstone aquifers may be restricted under aquifer vulnerability criteria.

    UK REACH -- Lithium Compounds in Downstream Processing

    UK REACH (retained EU REACH Regulation) requires registration of chemical substances manufactured or imported above 1 tonne per year, including lithium compounds (lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide) produced at or imported to a UK processing facility. DLE project developers must confirm REACH registration status for all produced lithium compounds and for sorbent regeneration acids and bases used on site. Lithium is not currently an SVHC but regulatory status is subject to review.

    Planning Permission -- Mining and Mineral Extraction

    DLE surface processing facilities (sorbent columns, brine storage tanks, downstream crystallisation plant) require full planning permission from the local planning authority under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Facilities on sites already permitted for geothermal energy or mining may be covered by existing planning consents, but material changes to site footprint or process chemistry typically require a planning amendment. Environmental Impact Assessment under the Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 is required for developments above specified thresholds.

    Environment Act 2021 -- Critical Minerals Strategy and Resource Security

    The UK Government's Critical Minerals Strategy (2023) designates lithium as a critical mineral for net-zero transition. The Environment Act 2021 and associated planning policy supports domestic critical mineral production, including streamlining environmental permitting for demonstrably low-impact extraction projects. UKRI Faraday Battery Challenge and Innovate UK funds are available for DLE pilot projects in the UK, reducing early-stage capital requirements and de-risking technology validation.