By Challenge / Contaminant

    Zero Liquid Discharge Use Case Companies

    ZLD use-case providers showcasing delivered projects, concentration, crystallization, and salt recovery at scale.

    60 providers

    This page is a good fit if you need:

    • Cartridge Filters or Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters capabilities
    • Suppliers with manufacturing sector experience
    • Providers operating in United Kingdom or Netherlands
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    60
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    11

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    Ecosystems International logo

    Ecosystems International

    Verified
    Indonesia51-200 employees
    Flat Sheet Microfiltration Units · Hollow Fiber MF Systems · Ceramic Microfiltration Modules +80 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    PT Ecosystems International (PT ESI) was established at Jakarta on 21st November 2006. We are an industrial effluent treatment systems integrator specializing in electrocoagulation (EC), a unique waste water treatment profile. PT ESI has capabilities in designing complete waste water treatment solutions by combining various effluent treatment systems such as the electro-coagulation, biological, chemical processes and membrane filtration, offering its customers a wide and comprehensive range of solutions, tailored to suit their various needs – ranging from basic effluent treatment for discharge to effluent recycling for water reuse. The Company is experienced in handling the design, engineering, procurement, construction and operation of new Effluent Treatment Plants (“ETP”) and possesses expertise in retrofitting existing ETP to increase the flow rate and treatment capability without any major infrastructure increase PT ESI is also a premier waste water treatment service company specializing in handling waste water generated from Exploration (Drilling) and Produced Water. Customers in Indonesia include major Oil & Gas companies such as Pertamina, Exxon, Chevron, Petro-China and Medco. Operations in Indonesia are provided by both mobile and fixed units. At drill sites where waste-water recycling is required, PT ESI supplement these treatment units with skid mounted mobile Reverse Osmosis systems. The technologies and solutions employed by PT ESI are developed in-house and examples of these are its proprietary Trident™ Electro Contaminant Removal (“ECR”) system, the Stage Contaminant Removal (“SCR”) process and Mobile On-Site Waste-Water Treatment (“OWT”) units

    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    +63 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Brine Consulting logo

    Brine Consulting

    Verified
    Netherlands1-50 employees
    Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) · Atmospheric Evaporator · Spray Evaporator +130 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    BRINE CONSULTING delivers senior-level strategy, technical design, and actionable insight across the full lifecycle of water-related challenges. We support clients with advisory and due diligence, advanced brine management and resource recovery, industrial and municipal water reuse, and MLD/ZLD systems. Our team also leads ESG and climate-resilience strategy, innovation scouting, and international development and PPP advisory. With deep specialization in desalination, brine valorization, circular economy models, and high-impact infrastructure, we help organizations turn water and waste streams into opportunities, providing clear thinking, rapid delivery, and solutions built for real-world results.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    +85 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
    Devram International logo

    Devram International

    Verified
    India1-50 employees
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters · Fixed Bed Activated Carbon Adsorbers · Powdered MOF Adsorbent Systems +19 more
    apac · mea

    DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL, headquartered in Surat, India, is a pioneering enterprise specializing in Snow and Rainwater Management with advanced contamination reduction abilities for storage and artificial groundwater recharge. Established as the commercial wing of Shree Someshwar Education Trust (SSET), DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL is driven by a mission to provide tech-enabled, nature-based solutions that address the world’s most pressing water and climate challenges. The company’s work integrates Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles and contributes across the source-to-sea water management cycle, ensuring holistic restoration of the global water cycle. Its innovative portfolio includes rainwater harvesting systems, stormwater management, aquifer recharge, artificial glaciers, desert trenches, rooftop water filtration, and green infrastructure models. These interventions directly reduce salinity in soils and aquifers, restore ecological balance, and enhance resilience to droughts, floods, and climate change. As the commercial promoter of the Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP), DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL advances the vision of GRMP as a Global Common Minimum Program (GCMP) for nations and international bodies. GRMP demonstrates how rainwater and snowwater retention can restore entire natural cycles, while delivering unmatched benefits across the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Alignment with the SDGs • SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): By reducing soil salinity, supporting organic farming, and ensuring water availability for agriculture, GRMP safeguards food security. • SDG 6 (Clean Water & Sanitation): DEVRAM’s recharge structures and contamination reduction technologies guarantee safe, sustainable drinking water for communities. • SDG 7 (Affordable & Clean Energy): By reducing dependency on energy-intensive desalination, GRMP lowers national energy bills and improves hydropower capacity. • SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure): DEVRAM integrates nature-based water infrastructure with industrial operations, reducing OPEX and water footprints. • SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities): Through stormwater management and aquifer recharge, GRMP mitigates urban flooding and secures municipal supplies. • SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production): Promotes a circular water economy, reusing wastewater, biogas from organic waste, and aligning with industrial CSR. • SDG 13 (Climate Action): By lowering GHG emissions and cooling local climates through water cycle restoration, GRMP strengthens resilience to global warming. • SDG 14 (Life Below Water): Free-flowing rivers, improved aquaculture, and reduced dam-related aquatic pollution support marine and freshwater ecosystems. • SDG 15 (Life on Land): DEVRAM’s interventions restore wetlands, mangroves, peatlands, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems, addressing land degradation. • SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals): The company actively collaborates with UN agencies, governments, World Bank programs, and private investors to scale GRMP globally. Founders and Leadership Dhaval Pandya, Co-Founder of DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL and CEO of SSET, is a globally recognized sustainability leader. He co-developed the Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP), recognized by the United Nations Global Water Partnership (GWP) and the Government of India. As a Technical Committee Member (WRD03) of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), he contributes to national water policy frameworks. His work is featured in UNCCD IWRM Action Hub and global forums like COP, Stockholm World Water Week, and World Bank SDG reviews. Manalika Pandya, Co-Founder, plays a critical role in embedding social, gender, and educational dimensions into GRMP. Her focus on women empowerment, local capacity building, and community-driven adoption ensures the program’s sustainability at the grassroots. Impact and Recognition DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL has piloted groundbreaking projects such as: Kawas Village (Gujarat, India): A GRMP model village achieving self-reliance in water, organic farming, and biogas, while resolving conflicts with industries. Delhi’s Water Paradox (Figshare Study): Shows how GRMP can solve megacity water crises without costly desalination or dams. GSECL Surat Project: Demonstrates reduced industrial water costs through GRMP recharge planning, aligning profitability with SDG and ESG goals. These projects show GRMP’s potential to reduce industrial and municipal water supply costs by up 60%, avoid massive investments in desalination and dams, and enable nations to achieve water sovereignty. Core Competencies • Rainwater & Snowwater Harvesting • Artificial Groundwater Recharge & Salinity Reduction • Stormwater Management & Urban Flood Control • Transboundary Water Cooperation • IWRM & Source-to-Sea Water Governance • AI-Enabled Hydrological Modelling & Policy Analytics • Environmental Services Restoration (Wetlands, Mangroves, Peatlands) • Circular Economy.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters
    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    +25 more
    manufacturing
    utilities
    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd. logo

    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China200+ employees
    Tubular Ultrafiltration Units · Hollow Fiber UF Modules · Flat Sheet UF Membranes +17 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    Litree: Pioneering Ultrafiltration for a Water-Secure World Founded in 1992, Litree has dedicated 30+ years to redefining water purification through ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology—our core expertise and passion立升(Litree). As a global high-tech enterprise rooted in independent innovation, we’ve evolved from a membrane R&D startup to one of the world’s leading water problem solvers, with over 146 core patents and state-of-the-art manufacturing hubs in Haikou and Suzhou, China立升(Litree). Our signature hollow fiber UF membranes are engineered to deliver unmatched performance: 0.01μm precision removes 99.99% of bacteria, viruses, and contaminants while preserving essential minerals—striking the perfect balance between purity and health立升(Litree). This technology powers our diverse solutions, from residential whole-house systems to large-scale municipal projects and industrial wastewater treatment, all designed for sustainability and cost-efficiency. What truly sets us apart is our commitment to making safe water accessible. We’ve completed projects serving 50,000+ residents with centralized purification systems that cut construction costs and footprint by 50% compared to traditional setups—proof that advanced technology can also be affordable. Today, our solutions reach 60+ countries, supporting 3,000+ industrial clients and millions of households worldwide. At Litree, water isn’t just our business—it’s our mission. We believe every drop matters, and we’ll keep pushing boundaries to create a future where clean, safe water is a universal right, not a privilege

    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Membrane Filtration Technologies
    pH Adjustment and Neutralization
    +64 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    RCI Aquatech logo

    RCI Aquatech

    Verified
    India1-50 employees
    Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) · Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) · Atmospheric Evaporator +76 more
    apac · europe · latam +1 more
    1 case studies

    Founded in 2009, formerly known as Red Circle Industries (RCI), RCI Aquatech creates custom wastewater solutions based on end users’ requirements, which allow for optimally chosen components resulting in a solution that meets or exceeds customer needs. RCI Aquatech’s wastewater treatment systems combine necessary process technologies to reach required state and federal discharge limits and comply with local regulations. Our systems focus on removal of pollutants such as heavy metals, greases, suspended solids, oils, high salt content, toxic compounds, phosphates and more. Using chemical-physical treatment (coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation), biological treatment (aerobic and anaerobic) and wet chemical oxidation (persistent or toxic organics). Our expertise comprises the following technologies:  Filtration & softening systems  Physicochemical treatment (coagulation-flocculation)  Membrane filtration (UF & RO)  Ion exchange  Chemical oxidation  Biological treatment  Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) system

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Microfiltration (MF) Systems
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    +52 more
    manufacturing
    chemicals-pharmaceuticals
    EC Solutions logo

    EC Solutions

    Verified
    United Arab Emiratesfreelance
    Conventional EC
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    EC Solutions is a specialized consultancy focused on electrochemical technologies for water and wastewater treatment. We believe electrochemical processes, and electrocoagulation in particular, are among the most promising technologies in the water sector today. As a rule of thumb, anything that can be treated with conventional coagulation–flocculation can be pretreated with electrocoagulation, without adding chemicals. That means less chemical handling, lower sludge complexity, and more controllable treatment outcomes. We help industries evaluate, pilot, and implement electrocoagulation as a robust pretreatment or core process for color removal, heavy metals, TSS, emulsified oils, and complex industrial effluents. If you’re dealing with a difficult water challenge and want a cleaner, smarter alternative to chemical treatment, EC Solutions is built for that.

    Greywater Recycling Systems
    Industrial Process Water Reuse
    Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
    +2 more
    manufacturing
    food-beverage
    Liquid X logo

    Liquid X

    Verified
    United Arab Emirates1-50 employees
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters · GO–Polymer Composites · Cartridge Filters
    mea

    Liquid X is a water technology consultancy and commercialization platform focused on accelerating the deployment of next-generation filtration solutions, with a core emphasis on graphene-based water treatment. Founded to address the gap between breakthrough innovation and real-world implementation, Liquid X operates at the intersection of advanced material science, water infrastructure, and market deployment. While significant advances in water technologies exist globally, many remain confined to laboratories or early-stage ventures. Liquid X bridges this gap by identifying, validating, and commercializing high-impact solutions—particularly graphene-based filtration systems—within the GCC and wider MENA region. Our consultancy model is built around a full lifecycle approach: from technology scouting and technical evaluation to pilot design, validation, and scaled deployment. We work with asset owners, governments, and enterprises to translate emerging technologies into practical, site-ready solutions. This includes designing pilot programs with measurable performance metrics, enabling data-driven decision-making, and ensuring that innovations are proven under real operating conditions before scale-up. A key focus of Liquid X is the commercialization of graphene-based water filters. Graphene, a two-dimensional material with exceptional strength, permeability, and adsorption capacity, has the potential to fundamentally transform water treatment. Its nano-scale structure allows precise separation of contaminants while enabling faster water flow and lower energy consumption compared to conventional systems. Through strategic partnerships with innovators, researchers, and manufacturers, Liquid X is actively working to bring graphene filtration technologies from concept to market. These systems are being developed to address some of the most critical water challenges, including the removal of PFAS and emerging contaminants, heavy metals, dissolved solids, and industrial pollutants—while significantly reducing waste and energy intensity associated with traditional technologies such as reverse osmosis. Our role extends beyond technology development. Liquid X supports the full commercialization journey, including: Technical due diligence and performance validation Pilot implementation and third-party verification Integration with existing infrastructure Development of scalable deployment models Coordination with EPC contractors, facility managers, and regulators Ongoing monitoring, compliance, and optimization By operating as a vendor-agnostic platform, we ensure that solutions are selected based on performance, suitability, and long-term value—not vendor bias. The MENA region faces some of the world’s most acute water challenges, including scarcity, high desalination dependence, and rising energy costs. Liquid X is positioned to introduce more efficient, decentralized, and sustainable alternatives through advanced filtration technologies. Graphene-based systems, in particular, offer the potential for lightweight, modular, and energy-efficient treatment solutions that can be deployed at scale across residential, commercial, and industrial applications. At its core, Liquid X is not just a consultancy—it is an enabler of the next generation of water infrastructure. By combining deep regional expertise with global innovation networks, we are helping transform how water is treated, distributed, and consumed. Our mission is to accelerate the transition from legacy, resource-intensive systems to smarter, more sustainable water solutions—unlocking the full potential of graphene and other advanced materials to build a more water-secure future.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Nanofiltration (NF) Systems
    Point-of-Use (POU) Filtration Systems
    +11 more
    food-beverages
    hospitality-tourism
    PNR ITALIA Srl logo

    PNR ITALIA Srl

    Verified
    Italy51-200 employees
    Spray Evaporator · Self-cleaning Screen Filters
    apac · europe · latam +2 more
    19 case studies

    We produce a comprehensive range of spraying solutions, encompassing everything from small-scale nozzles to large industrial spraying systems. Our diverse product line includes various types of nozzles tailored to meet the specific requirements of every application and customer need. The company was established in Milan in November 1968, focusing on distributing parts and components for fire protection systems. Over time, we expanded our offerings to include a diverse range of industrial sprayers tailored to various applications. In addition to our distribution and manufacturing of fire protection system components and industrial sprayers, we specialize in designing and producing pneumatic spray nozzles for industrial use and tank washing nozzles. Our product line also encompasses a variety of complementary accessories essential for industrial washing, including filters, spray guns, and hoses. Furthermore, we offer ejectors, blower nozzles, swivel joints, and hose clamps to provide comprehensive solutions for our customers' needs. PNR Italia is part of the Tecomec Group and oversees four other affiliated companies to form PNR Company, a consolidated reality with a significant presence on the market.

    Microfiltration (MF) Systems
    Disinfection Technologies
    Disinfection Chemicals
    +7 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Bollfilter UK Limited logo

    Bollfilter UK Limited

    United Kingdom

    Bollfilter UK is a team of highly motivated, positive and professional people with extensive knowledge and experience of the filtration industry. Here are some recent testimonials. As the dedicated technical sales arm of Boll & Kirch – Europe’s leading manufacturer of automatic water filters – Bollfilter UK provides complete filtration solutions and expertise through the supply of quality equipment, servicing, spares and support. Boll automatic filters are widely used by the UK water treatment industry thanks to their reliability, performance and durability. Featuring unique backflushing technology, they are provide low maintenance filter protection for tertiary waste water systems and primary potable water treatment plant and are ideal for unmanned sites. For potable water applications, Boll automatic filters can protect water treatment plant, such as membrane, UV disinfection, DAF recycling and ion exchange systems with a typical filtration level of 10-500 microns. For waste water treatment, Boll automatic filters can screen final effluent down to 50 microns for intermediate wash water equipment, such as screens, belt thickeners, filter presses and centrifuges. They can also protect NSAF and sand filters and be used with disc filters to prevent spray nozzles from blocking. For final effluent washwater booster pump protection, where overall pressure in the system is low but high pressure washwater is available, a Boll automatic filter fitted to the washwater feed will remove particulates to ensure efficient performance of pumps and keep downstream nozzles free from blocking. Where automatic filtration is not required, i.e. on cleaner systems or for very coarse filtration, Boll & Kirch also offer a range of simplex and duplex manual strainers. Bollfilter UK is dedicated to meeting and exceeding customer’s expectations from the first point of contact to the selection and supply of equipment, commissioning, after-sales support, spare parts advice recommendation and timely supply, on-site service/maintenance and training, and work for continual improvement through training and development. See some of our Case Studies: Automatic river water filtration for protection of the turbine cooling system National Oceanography Centre, Southampton Offshore wind parks: Filtration for Cooling of the Converter Platform BorWin Beta Chalton WRC Tertiary Treatment Plant for Ammonia & Solids Reduction HVAC: Art Gallery Liquid to Air Cooling & Heating System Roetgen Germany Potable Water Membrane Protection Pressured Far Baulker Potable Water Nitrate Reduction Plant (Ion Exchange) Keldgate Potable Water Membrane Protection Pressured Banwell Potable Water Membrane Protection Submerged Grimsbury Potable Water Nitrate Reduction Plant (Ion Exchange) Lound Potable Water DAF Saturator Protection Vines Cross Final Effluent Wash water Filtration Pump Protection Beckton Final Effluent Wash water Filtration Pump Protection Cranleigh Effluent Nitrifying Submerged Aerated Filter Protection Marchwood Power Station Cooling Water Salzbach-Salzberg Power Station Cooling Water Glendoe Power Station Cooling Water Reuter-Berlin Protection of Water Cooling System

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Gurney Environmental Ltd logo

    Gurney Environmental Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Gurney Environmental is a well established provider of systems and technologies used in the treatment of water and wastewater. From water supply to water re-use, we have designed and developed innovative, low cost and sustainable systems for the water and wastewater industries. Low CAPEX plus low OPEX equals low TOTEX. True sustainability is the benchmark for success with Gurney. We offer unique water and wastewater treatment systems, equipment and design including zero-to-low energy www and reservoir destratification systems. Our experience and knowledge of the water and wastewater treatment industries has successfully helped a wide variety of clients including major landowners (such as the Crown Estate) and many of the UK’s water utility companies. Our systems are today recognised internationally with a growing number of foreign municipals. Gurney has a total commitment to quality. Our systems and solutions represent the finest in long-term value, which is why we place such a strong emphasis on equipment with sturdy construction and fewer moving parts. Our commitment to a low total life cost is a key part of a commitment to quality.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Spray Nozzle People logo

    Spray Nozzle People

    United Kingdom

    Suppliers of spray systems and solutions, including the StormBlaster™ stormwater attenuation tank cleaning system, the ScreenBlaster CSO screen cleaning head and specialised spray solutions for odour control, foam suppression and other water and wastewater applications. There are many applications for spray nozzles and systems within the water and wastewater treatment sector. SNP have worked on projects for most of the main water suppliers in the UK & Ireland as well as with many in Europe and beyond. We have listed some key applications for spray nozzles below. For a full list of applications and for further details on key applications, follow the menu to the right. Cleaning systems The United Kingdom’s water industry is poised for its most ambitious transformation yet under the AMP8 (Asset Management Period 8) investment cycle, which runs from 2025 to 2030. Backed by an unprecedented £108 billion investment, the largest in the sector’s history, AMP8 is focused not only on maintaining and upgrading ageing infrastructure but also on addressing growing environmental and regulatory challenges. A significant £11 billion of this total has been earmarked specifically for stormwater and sewage spill mitigation, reflecting mounting pressure from regulators, the public, and environmental groups to curb pollution in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. At the heart of this environmental push lies the urgent need for more stormwater retention tanks and combined sewage overflow (CSO) systems. It is estimated that some 2,000 such systems will need to be updated, refurbished or built in the AMP round of funding. This stormwater management infrastructure is vital if the target of reducing spills and sewage discharges into waterways by 44% is to be met. Much of this new infrastructure will require specialised cleaning systems. Storm water attenuation tanks can cause serious smell pollution if left improperly cleaned after usage. The StormBlaster tank cleaning system is a more effective alternative to tipping buckets, swirl eductors and manual entry cleaning. Screen cleaning Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) are a key feature of combined sewer systems, where rainwater and wastewater share the same pipework. During heavy rainfall, these systems can become overwhelmed without proper control measures. CSO chambers manage excess flows by allowing water levels to rise and diverting surplus into overflow pipes. A crucial component of CSOs is the screening system, which traps solids and keeps them within the sewer network. This prevents solid waste from entering local waterways and protects the environment. Foam control The formation of a stable foam in the water treatment process is a common problem. Foam can occur in aeration tanks, anaerobic digesters or secondary clarifiers. Foam is undesirable because it can overflow vessels, create slippery and unsafe working conditions, interfere with processing, damage materials, and cause tanks to drain and dry slowly. Controlling foam can be accomplished by spraying liquid onto the pool, vessel, or reservoir’s surface and allowing the spray’s droplets to impact the foam bubbles, causing them to break. Spray nozzle arrays positioned above fluid level can be used to knock back the foam and keep it under control. Odour control The use of sprays to knock down and neutralise odour is a common application for our spray nozzles. Nozzles are either used to directly treat odour particles in the air or as part of scrubber systems.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Accreditations

    ZLD Use Cases: Power Plants, Textiles, Pharmaceuticals, and Mining Applications

    Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is applied across multiple industrial sectors where regulatory requirements, water scarcity, or hazardous effluent characteristics make complete liquid effluent elimination necessary or economically justified. Power plant ZLD: flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) wastewater from coal and gas power plants contains high concentrations of chlorides (10,000 to 80,000 mg/L Cl-), heavy metals (arsenic, selenium, mercury), sulphate, and suspended solids. US EPA Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELG) for Steam Electric Power Generating (40 CFR Part 423, 2015 rule, updated 2020): legacy wastewater streams including FGD must meet very low discharge limits (arsenic less than 8 ug/L, selenium less than 10 ug/L, mercury less than 788 ng/L as monthly average) making ZLD one of the preferred compliance strategies for high-chloride FGD effluent. ZLD power plant technology: brine concentrator (MVR or MEE) + crystalliser; or biological treatment (selenium reduction by sulphate-reducing bacteria) + brine concentrator for selenium-containing FGD. Major ZLD power plant projects: China (over 200 coal power plants mandated for FGD ZLD by 2020 MHFW/MEE regulations), US (several ZLD installations at coal plants including Bruce Mansfield, Ohio).

    Textile and dyestuff ZLD: India's Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Environmental Standards for Textile Industry (2016) mandate ZLD for dyeing and bleaching units; Gujarat and Rajasthan state PCBs enforce ZLD through environmental permits and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs). Textile effluent characteristics: TDS 2,000 to 40,000 mg/L (salt-based reactive dye processes use NaCl or Na2SO4 at 40 to 80 g/L); colour (reactive dyes: 100 to 10,000 Pt-Co units); BOD 200 to 2,000 mg/L; pH 8 to 12. Textile ZLD train: primary treatment (screening, equalisation, pH neutralisation) + biological treatment (activated sludge or MBR for BOD/COD removal) + membrane treatment (MF/UF + RO) + evaporation (MEE) + crystallisation; NaCl/Na2SO4 recovery for reuse in dyeing process (closed loop). ZLD payback for textiles: recovered salt (NaCl/Na2SO4) at 10 to 40 g/L saves purchase cost; recovered water (water scarce Gujarat): USD 1 to 3 per m3 savings; ZLD system typically recycles 90 to 95 percent of water. Pharmaceutical ZLD: India, EU, and US pharmaceutical manufacturers face stringent effluent regulations for hazardous organic compounds; ZLD increasingly specified in environmental permits; organic-rich reject from pharmaceutical ZLD requires incineration (hazardous waste, RCRA).

    Mining and produced water ZLD: mining operations (copper, gold, coal, lithium) generate acid mine drainage (AMD, pH 2 to 6, high metals - Fe, Zn, Cu, As, Mn) and general process water requiring ZLD in water-scarce mining regions. AMD treatment for ZLD: neutralisation (lime to pH 8.5 to 10.5, precipitating metal hydroxides) + clarification + ion exchange (heavy metal polishing) + RO brine concentrator + evaporation; metal hydroxide sludge dewatered for landfill or metal recovery. Lithium brine (South American Atacama salars): evaporation ponds (solar evaporation, 18 to 24 months HRT) concentrate lithium from 0.15 to 0.5 percent Li to 5 to 6 percent Li before chemical processing to lithium carbonate or hydroxide; ZLD concept applied through complete brine concentration; water recovered from evaporation condensate for site use. Oil and gas produced water ZLD: conventional onshore oil fields produce 3 to 10 barrels of water per barrel of oil (BWPD); produced water TDS 5,000 to 350,000 mg/L; offshore: no discharge permits in some jurisdictions require ZLD; onshore: disposal wells (Class II UIC, US) or evaporation ponds are common alternatives to ZLD; high-cost ZLD (USD 15 to 30 per barrel) justified only where disposal well injection is unavailable or where water recovery for reuse is the primary goal.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Which industries typically need ZLD systems?

    Industries where ZLD is commonly required or adopted: (1) Power generation (coal-fired): FGD wastewater with very low heavy metal discharge limits (US EPA ELG 2015/2020); India MOEF guidelines for thermal power plants; EU IED BAT conclusions for large combustion plants; (2) Textiles (dyeing and finishing): India CPCB ZLD mandate since 2016 for units with capacity greater than 5,000 tonnes/day production; Bangladesh implementing similar requirements; (3) Pharmaceutical manufacturing: stringent effluent standards for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and organic solvents; ZLD increasingly required in Indian CETP zones; EU IED BREF for pharmaceutical manufacture; (4) Semiconductor and electronics: ultra-pure water systems generate high-TDS reject; clean room and fab facility ZLD for water recovery in Taiwan, South Korea, US; (5) Fertiliser and chemical plants: high-TDS process water, ammonia, nitrate effluent; ZLD for nutrients control; (6) Mining (copper, gold, lithium): AMD treatment and water recovery in water-stressed regions (Chile, Peru, Australia, South Africa); (7) Food and beverage (dairy, brewing): where trade effluent consent is restricted; ZLD for land-locked sites without sewer access; (8) Oil and gas: produced water ZLD where injection is unavailable; offshore platforms; (9) Hospitals (in India): pharmaceutical-content effluent ZLD requirements in some states.

    What is FGD wastewater and why does it require ZLD?

    Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) wastewater is generated in coal and heavy fuel oil power plants equipped with wet scrubber systems (limestone forced oxidation, LSFO) that remove SO2 from combustion gases to meet air emission standards. Wet FGD process: SO2-laden flue gas is scrubbed with limestone slurry (CaCO3 + SO2 + 1/2O2 yields CaSO4.2H2O, gypsum); gypsum is separated and sold or disposed; the remaining liquid waste (FGD wastewater) is a complex mixture with: TDS 20,000 to 80,000 mg/L; chloride 10,000 to 60,000 mg/L (concentrated from limestone and scrubber water makeup); sulphate 2,000 to 10,000 mg/L; heavy metals: arsenic (1 to 50 mg/L), selenium (0.1 to 10 mg/L), mercury (0.01 to 1 mg/L), boron, lead, cadmium. US EPA ELG (2015/2020 updated rule): FGD wastewater must meet: arsenic less than 8 ug/L, selenium less than 10 ug/L, mercury less than 788 ng/L, TSS less than 50 mg/L as quarterly average. For high-chloride FGD (greater than 40,000 mg/L Cl-): ZLD is technically preferred as selenium and arsenic biological treatment requires low-chloride conditions; high Cl- inhibits selenium-reducing bacteria; ZLD evaporates chloride-concentrated brine to dryness. China MHFW: all coal power plants required to achieve FGD ZLD as part of ultra-low emission standards from 2020.

    How is ZLD implemented in the textile industry?

    ZLD implementation for textile dyeing and finishing: (1) Effluent characterisation: daily composite sampling for TDS (2,000 to 40,000 mg/L), COD (500 to 5,000 mg/L), colour (reactive dyes 500 to 10,000 Pt-Co), pH (8 to 13); flow rate measurement and mass balance; (2) Primary treatment: screening (2 to 6 mm), equalisation tank (24 to 48 hour HRT), pH neutralisation (acid/alkali), and coagulation/DAF for suspended dye removal; (3) Biological treatment: activated sludge (MBR preferred for high TDS tolerance) or sequencing batch reactor (SBR); reduces BOD5 from 500 to less than 30 mg/L; COD from 2,000 to less than 250 mg/L; colour from reactive dyes partially removed (greater than 60 percent colour removal by biodegradation and adsorption); (4) Membrane treatment: MF/UF removes suspended solids and high MW colour compounds; RO concentrates TDS (salt recovery for reuse in dyeing); typical RO recovery 60 to 75 percent producing salt-rich concentrate at 80 to 120 g/L TDS; (5) Evaporation: MEE (multiple effect evaporation) or MVR concentrates RO reject to 25 to 30 percent TDS; energy input 15 to 30 kWh/m3 evaporated; (6) Crystallisation: produces NaCl/Na2SO4 salt cake; if greater than 95 percent NaCl purity, can be reused in dyeing process (reactive dyes use NaCl or Na2SO4 as dyeing auxiliary at 40 to 80 g/L); (7) Water recovery: greater than 90 percent of influent water recovered for reuse; reduces fresh water demand and trade effluent discharge to near-zero.

    Is ZLD cost-effective compared to conventional wastewater treatment?

    ZLD is significantly more expensive than conventional wastewater treatment: Conventional activated sludge treatment to trade effluent consent standards: CAPEX USD 500 to 2,000 per m3/day; OPEX USD 0.30 to 1.50 per m3 treated. ZLD (biological + RO + MVR + crystalliser): CAPEX USD 5,000 to 30,000 per m3/day (5 to 15 times conventional); OPEX USD 5 to 20 per m3 treated (5 to 15 times conventional). ZLD is justified when: (1) Water recovery value exceeds incremental treatment cost: in regions where water costs USD 2 to 5 per m3 or more, recovering 90 to 95 percent of wastewater as clean water offsets a significant fraction of ZLD OPEX; for 1,000 m3/day plant: recovering 900 m3/day at USD 3 per m3 = USD 2,700/day savings vs ZLD OPEX USD 10,000/day at USD 10 per m3 - a net cost USD 7,300/day vs conventional USD 1,000/day; (2) Regulatory penalty avoidance: non-compliance fines in India's textile sector can reach INR 1 to 10 lakh per day (USD 1,200 to 12,000/day); plant closure risk for non-ZLD units; (3) Salt recovery value: NaCl recovered from textile ZLD at 40 g/L, 1,000 m3/day treatment: 40 tonnes NaCl/day at USD 30 to 60/tonne = USD 1,200 to 2,400/day partial offset; (4) Corporate sustainability: zero-discharge is a verifiable ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) commitment; some export markets (EU buyers of Indian textiles) require environmental compliance documentation.

    Case Study·Pharmaceutical active ingredient manufacturing, South East England
    Challenge

    A pharmaceutical API manufacturer in Surrey generated 85 m3/day of mixed organic and inorganic effluent (TDS 28,000 mg/L, COD 3,400 mg/L from solvent contamination, high chloride). The EA Environmental Permit was varied to prohibit any liquid discharge to the receiving watercourse following a WFD water body status assessment. The company's trade effluent consent with the sewerage undertaker was also restricted due to elevated chloride (1,800 mg/L against a consent limit of 800 mg/L).

    Approach

    The client conducted a detailed ZLD versus near-ZLD (95 percent recovery with managed brine disposal) cost comparison. At GBP 0.22 per kWh electricity and a brine disposal cost of GBP 95 per tonne, the analysis showed that full ZLD (CAPEX GBP 3.4 million, OPEX GBP 38 per m3) had a net present cost over 15 years of GBP 8.8 million, while near-ZLD with managed brine tanker disposal (CAPEX GBP 1.6 million, OPEX GBP 22 per m3 plus brine disposal GBP 12 per m3) had NPC of GBP 6.4 million. Near-ZLD was selected. Water recovery 94 percent; 5 m3/day concentrate tanker-removed to licensed hazardous waste disposal site.

    Outcome

    EA enforcement notice resolved. Trade effluent chloride compliance restored. Total project delivered in 22 weeks. Operating cost GBP 34 per m3 (below the GBP 42 per m3 ZLD alternative). The NPC saving of GBP 2.4 million over 15 years justified the near-ZLD approach, with a contractual option to add a crystallisation stage in year 5 if electricity prices fell or brine disposal costs rose.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    1. 1

      What is the total cost per m3 treated over the full project life, including CAPEX amortisation, energy, chemicals, maintenance, and solid waste disposal?

      ZLD economics are almost always unfavourable on OPEX alone; whole-life cost analysis is the only valid basis for comparing ZLD against near-ZLD or alternative disposal; unsupported headline CAPEX figures are not sufficient for investment approval.

    2. 2

      What regulatory compliance risk does our current discharge represent, and what is the probability and cost of a permit revocation or criminal prosecution scenario?

      ZLD justification often rests on regulatory risk avoidance; quantifying the EA civil sanction range (up to GBP 250,000 per incident), criminal prosecution risk, and production shutdown cost creates the business case context.

    3. 3

      Does near-ZLD (95 to 98 percent recovery with managed brine disposal) offer a more cost-effective pathway than full ZLD for our specific waste stream?

      Many sites can achieve regulatory compliance with near-ZLD at 30 to 50 percent lower CAPEX and OPEX; full ZLD is only required where the permit prohibits all liquid discharge or where brine disposal is impossible.

    4. 4

      What is your performance guarantee for water recovery and product water quality, and what financial remedy applies if targets are not met?

      ZLD performance guarantees must be specific (minimum water recovery percentage, maximum TDS in condensate); vague 'best efforts' clauses expose clients to underperforming systems with no contractual remedy.

    5. 5

      How does the system perform under seasonal feed quality variation, and what operating flexibility is built in for plant turndowns?

      Many industrial processes have seasonal production and effluent variation; ZLD systems with minimum throughput requirements above 50 percent of design flow face operational problems during low-production periods.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    Full ZLD versus near-ZLD decision

    Near-ZLD at 95 percent recovery reduces CAPEX by 30 to 50 percent and OPEX by 25 to 40 percent versus full ZLD; if regulatory permit and brine disposal logistics permit near-ZLD, this represents the most cost-effective pathway to compliance.

    Electricity price and tariff structure

    MVR evaporation is the dominant energy consumer; at GBP 0.22 per kWh versus GBP 0.12 per kWh (on-site renewable), the electricity cost difference can be GBP 8 to 15 per m3 treated; time-of-use tariffs and demand-response incentives can reduce effective electricity cost by 15 to 25 percent.

    Solid waste classification and disposal route

    Non-hazardous salt cake disposal at GBP 40 to 80 per tonne versus hazardous waste incineration at GBP 300 to 600 per tonne is driven entirely by waste composition; feeds with heavy metals or listed substances increase solid waste cost by a factor of 4 to 8.

    Water value and internal reuse credit

    Sites in water-stressed areas paying GBP 2 to 4 per m3 for mains water can apply recovered condensate value against ZLD OPEX; at 90 percent recovery from 200 m3/day, recovered water value of GBP 3 per m3 represents GBP 197,000 per year partial OPEX offset.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016 and EA Civil Sanctions

    EPR 2016: EA can impose civil monetary penalties up to GBP 250,000 per prescribed offence; repeat breaches of Environmental Permit discharge conditions carry Crown Court prosecution with unlimited fines; ZLD provides the definitive compliance solution where permit conditions prohibit liquid discharge.

    WFD Environmental Quality Standards

    UK-retained WFD EQS for priority substances (EA Environmental Targets (Water) Regulations 2022): failure to achieve good chemical status in receiving water bodies triggers EA review of contributing permits; EQS-based permit limits for chloride, metals, and organics are tightening under AMP8 WINEP cycle.

    Trade Effluent Consent (Water Industry Act 1991)

    Sewerage undertakers can restrict, revoke, or renegotiate trade effluent consent conditions under WIA 1991, Section 127; high-TDS or high-chloride industrial effluents risk sewer corrosion and sewage treatment plant disruption, triggering consent tightening that may make ZLD the only viable compliance route.

    Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005

    Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/894): solid waste from ZLD crystallisers containing hazardous substances above threshold concentrations must be consigned on a Hazardous Waste Consignment Note; licensed carrier and disposal facility required; waste producer must register as a hazardous waste producer with the EA.