By Challenge / Contaminant

    Phosphate Removal Companies

    Phosphorus removal, chemical precipitation, EBPR, sorbents, and recovery technologies for compliance and reuse.

    52 providers

    This page is a good fit if you need:

    • Automated pH Control Systems or Cartridge Filters capabilities
    • Suppliers with manufacturing sector experience
    • Providers operating in United Kingdom or China
    Providers
    52
    Verified
    6
    Countries
    14

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    Ecosystems International logo

    Ecosystems International

    Verified
    Indonesia51-200 employees
    Flat Sheet Microfiltration Units · Hollow Fiber MF Systems · Ceramic Microfiltration Modules +80 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    PT Ecosystems International (PT ESI) was established at Jakarta on 21st November 2006. We are an industrial effluent treatment systems integrator specializing in electrocoagulation (EC), a unique waste water treatment profile. PT ESI has capabilities in designing complete waste water treatment solutions by combining various effluent treatment systems such as the electro-coagulation, biological, chemical processes and membrane filtration, offering its customers a wide and comprehensive range of solutions, tailored to suit their various needs – ranging from basic effluent treatment for discharge to effluent recycling for water reuse. The Company is experienced in handling the design, engineering, procurement, construction and operation of new Effluent Treatment Plants (“ETP”) and possesses expertise in retrofitting existing ETP to increase the flow rate and treatment capability without any major infrastructure increase PT ESI is also a premier waste water treatment service company specializing in handling waste water generated from Exploration (Drilling) and Produced Water. Customers in Indonesia include major Oil & Gas companies such as Pertamina, Exxon, Chevron, Petro-China and Medco. Operations in Indonesia are provided by both mobile and fixed units. At drill sites where waste-water recycling is required, PT ESI supplement these treatment units with skid mounted mobile Reverse Osmosis systems. The technologies and solutions employed by PT ESI are developed in-house and examples of these are its proprietary Trident™ Electro Contaminant Removal (“ECR”) system, the Stage Contaminant Removal (“SCR”) process and Mobile On-Site Waste-Water Treatment (“OWT”) units

    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    +63 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Brine Consulting logo

    Brine Consulting

    Verified
    Netherlands1-50 employees
    Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) · Atmospheric Evaporator · Spray Evaporator +130 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    BRINE CONSULTING delivers senior-level strategy, technical design, and actionable insight across the full lifecycle of water-related challenges. We support clients with advisory and due diligence, advanced brine management and resource recovery, industrial and municipal water reuse, and MLD/ZLD systems. Our team also leads ESG and climate-resilience strategy, innovation scouting, and international development and PPP advisory. With deep specialization in desalination, brine valorization, circular economy models, and high-impact infrastructure, we help organizations turn water and waste streams into opportunities, providing clear thinking, rapid delivery, and solutions built for real-world results.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    +85 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
    Hangzhou Realize Technology Co., LTD. logo

    Hangzhou Realize Technology Co., LTD.

    Verified
    China1-50 employees
    Ultrasonic Cavitation Systems · Conventional Activated Sludge · SBR, MBR, IFAS +3 more
    china

    HANGZHOU REALIZE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. is a technology enterprise. The company collaborates with domestic and international universities such as Beijing University of Technology, Tsinghua University, and Berlin University of Technology to address the challenges of enhancing anaerobic efficiency and nitrogen removal in high-ammonia nitrogen wastewater. The core technologies foucs on energy-saving denitrification and enhanced green methane production. These two technologies can increase production efficiency of green methane by 20% and reduce costs of wastewater denitrification by 60%.

    Process Water Treatment
    Wastewater Treatment
    Advanced Treatment Technologies
    +8 more
    manufacturing
    energy-production
    Devram International logo

    Devram International

    Verified
    India1-50 employees
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters · Fixed Bed Activated Carbon Adsorbers · Powdered MOF Adsorbent Systems +19 more
    apac · mea

    DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL, headquartered in Surat, India, is a pioneering enterprise specializing in Snow and Rainwater Management with advanced contamination reduction abilities for storage and artificial groundwater recharge. Established as the commercial wing of Shree Someshwar Education Trust (SSET), DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL is driven by a mission to provide tech-enabled, nature-based solutions that address the world’s most pressing water and climate challenges. The company’s work integrates Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles and contributes across the source-to-sea water management cycle, ensuring holistic restoration of the global water cycle. Its innovative portfolio includes rainwater harvesting systems, stormwater management, aquifer recharge, artificial glaciers, desert trenches, rooftop water filtration, and green infrastructure models. These interventions directly reduce salinity in soils and aquifers, restore ecological balance, and enhance resilience to droughts, floods, and climate change. As the commercial promoter of the Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP), DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL advances the vision of GRMP as a Global Common Minimum Program (GCMP) for nations and international bodies. GRMP demonstrates how rainwater and snowwater retention can restore entire natural cycles, while delivering unmatched benefits across the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Alignment with the SDGs • SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): By reducing soil salinity, supporting organic farming, and ensuring water availability for agriculture, GRMP safeguards food security. • SDG 6 (Clean Water & Sanitation): DEVRAM’s recharge structures and contamination reduction technologies guarantee safe, sustainable drinking water for communities. • SDG 7 (Affordable & Clean Energy): By reducing dependency on energy-intensive desalination, GRMP lowers national energy bills and improves hydropower capacity. • SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure): DEVRAM integrates nature-based water infrastructure with industrial operations, reducing OPEX and water footprints. • SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities): Through stormwater management and aquifer recharge, GRMP mitigates urban flooding and secures municipal supplies. • SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production): Promotes a circular water economy, reusing wastewater, biogas from organic waste, and aligning with industrial CSR. • SDG 13 (Climate Action): By lowering GHG emissions and cooling local climates through water cycle restoration, GRMP strengthens resilience to global warming. • SDG 14 (Life Below Water): Free-flowing rivers, improved aquaculture, and reduced dam-related aquatic pollution support marine and freshwater ecosystems. • SDG 15 (Life on Land): DEVRAM’s interventions restore wetlands, mangroves, peatlands, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems, addressing land degradation. • SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals): The company actively collaborates with UN agencies, governments, World Bank programs, and private investors to scale GRMP globally. Founders and Leadership Dhaval Pandya, Co-Founder of DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL and CEO of SSET, is a globally recognized sustainability leader. He co-developed the Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP), recognized by the United Nations Global Water Partnership (GWP) and the Government of India. As a Technical Committee Member (WRD03) of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), he contributes to national water policy frameworks. His work is featured in UNCCD IWRM Action Hub and global forums like COP, Stockholm World Water Week, and World Bank SDG reviews. Manalika Pandya, Co-Founder, plays a critical role in embedding social, gender, and educational dimensions into GRMP. Her focus on women empowerment, local capacity building, and community-driven adoption ensures the program’s sustainability at the grassroots. Impact and Recognition DEVRAM INTERNATIONAL has piloted groundbreaking projects such as: Kawas Village (Gujarat, India): A GRMP model village achieving self-reliance in water, organic farming, and biogas, while resolving conflicts with industries. Delhi’s Water Paradox (Figshare Study): Shows how GRMP can solve megacity water crises without costly desalination or dams. GSECL Surat Project: Demonstrates reduced industrial water costs through GRMP recharge planning, aligning profitability with SDG and ESG goals. These projects show GRMP’s potential to reduce industrial and municipal water supply costs by up 60%, avoid massive investments in desalination and dams, and enable nations to achieve water sovereignty. Core Competencies • Rainwater & Snowwater Harvesting • Artificial Groundwater Recharge & Salinity Reduction • Stormwater Management & Urban Flood Control • Transboundary Water Cooperation • IWRM & Source-to-Sea Water Governance • AI-Enabled Hydrological Modelling & Policy Analytics • Environmental Services Restoration (Wetlands, Mangroves, Peatlands) • Circular Economy.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters
    Multi-media Filtration (MMF) Systems
    +25 more
    manufacturing
    utilities
    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd. logo

    Hainan Litree Water Purification Technology Industry Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China200+ employees
    Tubular Ultrafiltration Units · Hollow Fiber UF Modules · Flat Sheet UF Membranes +17 more
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    Litree: Pioneering Ultrafiltration for a Water-Secure World Founded in 1992, Litree has dedicated 30+ years to redefining water purification through ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology—our core expertise and passion立升(Litree). As a global high-tech enterprise rooted in independent innovation, we’ve evolved from a membrane R&D startup to one of the world’s leading water problem solvers, with over 146 core patents and state-of-the-art manufacturing hubs in Haikou and Suzhou, China立升(Litree). Our signature hollow fiber UF membranes are engineered to deliver unmatched performance: 0.01μm precision removes 99.99% of bacteria, viruses, and contaminants while preserving essential minerals—striking the perfect balance between purity and health立升(Litree). This technology powers our diverse solutions, from residential whole-house systems to large-scale municipal projects and industrial wastewater treatment, all designed for sustainability and cost-efficiency. What truly sets us apart is our commitment to making safe water accessible. We’ve completed projects serving 50,000+ residents with centralized purification systems that cut construction costs and footprint by 50% compared to traditional setups—proof that advanced technology can also be affordable. Today, our solutions reach 60+ countries, supporting 3,000+ industrial clients and millions of households worldwide. At Litree, water isn’t just our business—it’s our mission. We believe every drop matters, and we’ll keep pushing boundaries to create a future where clean, safe water is a universal right, not a privilege

    Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
    Membrane Filtration Technologies
    pH Adjustment and Neutralization
    +64 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    EC Solutions logo

    EC Solutions

    Verified
    United Arab Emiratesfreelance
    Conventional EC
    apac · china · europe +3 more

    EC Solutions is a specialized consultancy focused on electrochemical technologies for water and wastewater treatment. We believe electrochemical processes, and electrocoagulation in particular, are among the most promising technologies in the water sector today. As a rule of thumb, anything that can be treated with conventional coagulation–flocculation can be pretreated with electrocoagulation, without adding chemicals. That means less chemical handling, lower sludge complexity, and more controllable treatment outcomes. We help industries evaluate, pilot, and implement electrocoagulation as a robust pretreatment or core process for color removal, heavy metals, TSS, emulsified oils, and complex industrial effluents. If you’re dealing with a difficult water challenge and want a cleaner, smarter alternative to chemical treatment, EC Solutions is built for that.

    Greywater Recycling Systems
    Industrial Process Water Reuse
    Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
    +2 more
    manufacturing
    food-beverage
    RCI Aquatech logo

    RCI Aquatech

    Verified
    India1-50 employees
    Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) · Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) · Atmospheric Evaporator +76 more
    apac · europe · latam +1 more
    1 case studies

    Founded in 2009, formerly known as Red Circle Industries (RCI), RCI Aquatech creates custom wastewater solutions based on end users’ requirements, which allow for optimally chosen components resulting in a solution that meets or exceeds customer needs. RCI Aquatech’s wastewater treatment systems combine necessary process technologies to reach required state and federal discharge limits and comply with local regulations. Our systems focus on removal of pollutants such as heavy metals, greases, suspended solids, oils, high salt content, toxic compounds, phosphates and more. Using chemical-physical treatment (coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation), biological treatment (aerobic and anaerobic) and wet chemical oxidation (persistent or toxic organics). Our expertise comprises the following technologies:  Filtration & softening systems  Physicochemical treatment (coagulation-flocculation)  Membrane filtration (UF & RO)  Ion exchange  Chemical oxidation  Biological treatment  Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) system

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Microfiltration (MF) Systems
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
    +52 more
    manufacturing
    chemicals-pharmaceuticals
    Liquid X logo

    Liquid X

    Verified
    United Arab Emirates1-50 employees
    Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters · GO–Polymer Composites · Cartridge Filters
    mea

    Liquid X is a water technology consultancy and commercialization platform focused on accelerating the deployment of next-generation filtration solutions, with a core emphasis on graphene-based water treatment. Founded to address the gap between breakthrough innovation and real-world implementation, Liquid X operates at the intersection of advanced material science, water infrastructure, and market deployment. While significant advances in water technologies exist globally, many remain confined to laboratories or early-stage ventures. Liquid X bridges this gap by identifying, validating, and commercializing high-impact solutions—particularly graphene-based filtration systems—within the GCC and wider MENA region. Our consultancy model is built around a full lifecycle approach: from technology scouting and technical evaluation to pilot design, validation, and scaled deployment. We work with asset owners, governments, and enterprises to translate emerging technologies into practical, site-ready solutions. This includes designing pilot programs with measurable performance metrics, enabling data-driven decision-making, and ensuring that innovations are proven under real operating conditions before scale-up. A key focus of Liquid X is the commercialization of graphene-based water filters. Graphene, a two-dimensional material with exceptional strength, permeability, and adsorption capacity, has the potential to fundamentally transform water treatment. Its nano-scale structure allows precise separation of contaminants while enabling faster water flow and lower energy consumption compared to conventional systems. Through strategic partnerships with innovators, researchers, and manufacturers, Liquid X is actively working to bring graphene filtration technologies from concept to market. These systems are being developed to address some of the most critical water challenges, including the removal of PFAS and emerging contaminants, heavy metals, dissolved solids, and industrial pollutants—while significantly reducing waste and energy intensity associated with traditional technologies such as reverse osmosis. Our role extends beyond technology development. Liquid X supports the full commercialization journey, including: Technical due diligence and performance validation Pilot implementation and third-party verification Integration with existing infrastructure Development of scalable deployment models Coordination with EPC contractors, facility managers, and regulators Ongoing monitoring, compliance, and optimization By operating as a vendor-agnostic platform, we ensure that solutions are selected based on performance, suitability, and long-term value—not vendor bias. The MENA region faces some of the world’s most acute water challenges, including scarcity, high desalination dependence, and rising energy costs. Liquid X is positioned to introduce more efficient, decentralized, and sustainable alternatives through advanced filtration technologies. Graphene-based systems, in particular, offer the potential for lightweight, modular, and energy-efficient treatment solutions that can be deployed at scale across residential, commercial, and industrial applications. At its core, Liquid X is not just a consultancy—it is an enabler of the next generation of water infrastructure. By combining deep regional expertise with global innovation networks, we are helping transform how water is treated, distributed, and consumed. Our mission is to accelerate the transition from legacy, resource-intensive systems to smarter, more sustainable water solutions—unlocking the full potential of graphene and other advanced materials to build a more water-secure future.

    Activated Carbon Filtration
    Nanofiltration (NF) Systems
    Point-of-Use (POU) Filtration Systems
    +11 more
    food-beverages
    hospitality-tourism
    Evergreen Water Solutions logo

    Evergreen Water Solutions

    United Kingdom

    A leading supplier of progressive wastewater treatment systems Evergreen Water Solutions works closely with a number of international engineering companies whose expertise are in scalable wastewater treatment systems and containerised wastewater treatment systems for municipal and industrial application. Evergreen Water Solutions offers a comprehensive engineering service. Our company incorporates initial design and planning, to implementation of projects that are delivered on time and on budget. Our expertise in wastewater treatment covers infrastructure development, package sewage treatment systems and advanced treatment technology for wastewater recycling with the strictest treatment requirements. The goal of Evergreen Water Solutions is to exceed the expectations of our clients, foster long-term relationships, and make a positive impact on the environment and industry standards. Evergreen Water Solutions use innovative products and suppliers to source, design and implement leading environmental water and wastewater treatment products and solutions. All new equipment and suppliers are required to undergo pre-qualification program and a series of acceptances and trials are applied prior to the approval of the vendor. Evergreen Water Solutions’ pre-qualification program guarantees you our clients that the products we source are of the highest standard within the industry, these products along with the expertise within Evergreen Water Solutions ensures that the solution we provide will meet and exceed any expectation you might have.

    Treatment Works Products/Services
    Contractors
    PNR ITALIA Srl logo

    PNR ITALIA Srl

    Verified
    Italy51-200 employees
    Spray Evaporator · Self-cleaning Screen Filters
    apac · europe · latam +2 more
    19 case studies

    We produce a comprehensive range of spraying solutions, encompassing everything from small-scale nozzles to large industrial spraying systems. Our diverse product line includes various types of nozzles tailored to meet the specific requirements of every application and customer need. The company was established in Milan in November 1968, focusing on distributing parts and components for fire protection systems. Over time, we expanded our offerings to include a diverse range of industrial sprayers tailored to various applications. In addition to our distribution and manufacturing of fire protection system components and industrial sprayers, we specialize in designing and producing pneumatic spray nozzles for industrial use and tank washing nozzles. Our product line also encompasses a variety of complementary accessories essential for industrial washing, including filters, spray guns, and hoses. Furthermore, we offer ejectors, blower nozzles, swivel joints, and hose clamps to provide comprehensive solutions for our customers' needs. PNR Italia is part of the Tecomec Group and oversees four other affiliated companies to form PNR Company, a consolidated reality with a significant presence on the market.

    Microfiltration (MF) Systems
    Disinfection Technologies
    Disinfection Chemicals
    +7 more
    agriculture
    manufacturing
    Active Tunnelling Ltd logo

    Active Tunnelling Ltd

    United Kingdom

    As an industry leader since 1994, Active Tunnelling Ltd (ATL) is the UK’s most experienced independent, micro-tunnelling, auger boring, shaft sinking and pipe jacking company offering a comprehensive range of services to the water and civil engineering industries across the UK & Ireland. More than just a tunnelling company ATL delivers all encompassing projects solutions: whether it is a segmental shaft or complete project management from ‘tunnel’ to final landscaping, ATL delivers flexible, and tailor made solutions to suit any brief. ATL prides itself on its long list of clients that includes amongst others the UK’s leading construction companies and is proud to claim total satisfaction on every job. A dedicated and highly skilled/experienced sixty strong team are at the core of ATL’s success, this weight of experience backed by the UK’s largest independent specialist plant enables ATL to deliver on time every time. Services Our comprehensive range of services allows us to satisfy even the most demanding brief, even with short lead times you can place your trust in us leaving you to focus on other aspects of the project. Tunnelling and pipejacking: 1,000mm – 2,400mm diameter. Micro-tunnelling: 150mm – 900mm diameter. Auger boring: 150mm – 725mm diameter. Grouting. Shaft sinking. Cover slab construction. Timber headings. ATL offer Professional management team with over 30 years experience. Quick mobilisation to site. Technical support/design where required. Achilles UVDB Verify approved company. Quality Assured ISO 9001:2008 Registered Firm Cert. No. A11969. Fast response to enquiries. Fast and efficient service maintaining a high standard of safety. Specialist trenchless plant. A completed project to a high quality at a reasonable price. A willingness to work as one team with all parties to ensure satisfaction.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    Industrial Pipework Services logo

    Industrial Pipework Services

    United Kingdom

    At Industrial Pipework Services, we provide bespoke engineering services. With over 25 years’ experience IPS can offer complete mechanical engineering solutions including design, manufacture & installation services. Our experienced workforce are trained to the highest standards. IPS is situated within easy access to the M4 corridor approximately 30 minutes North of Cardiff. The company embraces innovative thinking while utilising the latest technology. IPS operating base comprises of 30,000 square foot of workshops, offices and assembly areas.  The Workshops are fully segregated for the manufacture of both carbon steel and stainless-steel products and are serviced by dedicated overhead gantry cranes. With over two decades of engineering experience the company strives to combine first class engineering and design to deliver the high quality that is required.  The Company maintains a proactive approach, working closely with our Clients to achieve our collective aims for each scheme. This ambition is underpinned by an uncompromising commitment to attain the highest standards of health, safety and environmental care. IPS provides continued excellence in design, manufacturing and installation gained from many years experience within the industry. Our In-House design capability allows the company to provide a full engineering design service using the latest Auto CAD software packages. IPS offers a design service for both pipework and steelwork systems from proposal drawings to the production of as built drawings. IPS Design Office provides all relevant AutoCAD drawings for steelwork and pipework, Isometric drawings for fabrication, general layout drawings for plant and equipment and As Built drawings. Structural steelwork calculations and flow characteristics are also provided as required. IPS offer a full 3D surveying services and production of cloud point data for project modelling. IPS operates primarily within the Water Industry and provides services for both clean water and sewage. IPS is a Tier One Mechanical Engineering Specialists Provider to Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water and the Strategic Alliance. IPS operate nationally and have delivered projects throughout the UK for many Water Utility companies including Anglian Water, Thames Water and Bristol Water. Continual improvement into our infrastructure and the development of new IT systems has brought us to a level consistent with the requirements of our clients. IPS offers a complete project management service, including operation of Principal Contractor role as well as delivering turnkey projects. Experience gained in the water industry has enabled us to manage the competing demands of cost, quality and safety for all our projects.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    Intelect logo

    Intelect

    United Kingdom

    At Intelect, we have over 25 years experience in providing engineering expertise to clients in process industries. Intelect have worked with Northumbrian Water and its Tier 1 suppliers and partners for over a decade, and during this time, we have provided services in design, electrical installation, control panels and pipework services. Our attention to detail, quality, and attitude to Health and Safety has been consistently recognised by our clients over the years, with us receiving numerous awards for the projects we have completed. Our flexible workforce of apprentices, engineers and project managers allows us to efficiently complete any project to our client’s requirements. On-going innovation and investment in our business means that we have the latest training and technology to execute high quality engineering projects, from design through to commissioning, all whilst maintaining best practices in Health and Safety. Intelect are committed to working in partnership with both contractors and suppliers within the utility sector, sharing our expertise and knowledge to help support companies who provide utilities to homes and businesses across the North East and the rest of the country.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    KEE Process logo

    KEE Process

    United Kingdom

    Started in 1955, KEE design, manufacture, supply, install, commission and service off mains drainage products, including pumps and pumping equipment, septic tanks and sewage treatment plant products. KEE also offer full evaluation and design through their nationwide servicing team, offering fully integrated plant operation, an out-of-hours call centre, treatment plant refurbishment, upgrades and plant hire. KEE’s expertise in design, manufacture, servicing, refurbishment, maintenance and operation of equipment for all types of wastewater treatment plants is backed by over 65 years of experience and over 350,000 installations worldwide. KEE provide quality engineered wastewater treatment solutions priced to offer value for money. Continuing investment in R&D ensures that the products and services supplied by KEE incorporate the latest technology to protect the environment. TREATMENT SOLUTIONS & SERVICES Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Wastewater Treatment Systems KEE NuDisc® & NuDisc-R® single piece packaged RBC treatment plants capable of treating populations up to 1,000 in a single packaged plant. Modular packaged DC/DN RBC treatment systems. Large diameter RBCs for site erection. Submerged Aerated Filters Modular packaged and single piece KEE NuFlow treatment systems for domestic applications up to 50 PE. Activated Sludge Systems Extended aeration (EA), sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and oxidation ditch. Anaerobic Reactor Industrial wastewater treatment. Settlement Tanks and Packaged Pumping Stations Primary or final settlement tanks. Dispersed Air Flotation Systems (DAF) KEE Microfloat® Fine Bubble Aeration Systems KEE Aspirator Aerators. KEE Triton Aerator/Mixer. The Biological Solution to Fat, Oil and Grease KEE Bio-Guard – The Grease Digester. Parts and Service Service, Maintenance and Operation. Replacement Parts and Associated Products. Plant Hire. Emergency Service KEE Emergency Call Centre for Managed Contracts.

    Treatment Works Products/Services
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Stonbury logo

    Stonbury

    United Kingdom

    Stonbury is an agile, direct delivery specialist contractor to both the water industry and wider water environment, with an emphasis on delivering innovative, low carbon and high-quality reliable solutions. Currently holding over 30 Frameworks, we work with most of the UK’s water companies and the EA – either directly or through their major supply chains – to deliver high value, low carbon solutions across their asset estates. This includes works on potable water, wastewater treatment centres and nature-based ‘green’ and ‘grey’ solutions that deliver smart, low carbon environmental engineering. In recognition of the intensified global focus on the effects of carbon emissions and their impact on the climate and biodiversity we have reassessed our Purpose, Vision and Strategic Goals, putting sustainability at the heart of our culture and everything we do.

    Networks - Sewerage
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation

    Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater: Biological, Chemical, and Combined Process Design

    Phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment targets total phosphorus (TP) typically comprising orthophosphate (PO4-P, 70 to 90 percent of TP), polyphosphate (5 to 20 percent), and organic phosphorus (5 to 15 percent). Effluent TP limits vary by receiving water sensitivity: EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive requires less than 1 mg/L TP for plants greater than 10,000 PE discharging to sensitive areas (eutrophication-prone waters); less than 2 mg/L for 100,000 PE+ in normal areas. US NPDES permits commonly specify 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L TP for discharges to P-sensitive waters (Chesapeake Bay: 0.18 mg/L, Great Lakes: 1.0 mg/L). UK: EA sets site-specific TP limits based on receiving water classification, with enhanced limits of 0.1 mg/L for chalk streams and highly sensitive sites. Chemical precipitation (ferric iron or aluminium salts) is the most widely deployed technology, achieving TP of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L reliably.

    Biological phosphorus removal (BPR, also Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal - EBPR) exploits polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs, primarily Candidatus Accumulibacter) which release phosphate in anaerobic zones and over-accumulate it (up to 15 percent of cell dry weight) in aerobic zones. Process configurations: A2O (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic), UCT (University of Cape Town), and Bardenpho (5-stage) achieve TP effluent of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L without chemical addition. EBPR requires: BOD:TP ratio of greater than 15:1 in feed (volatile fatty acids, VFAs, as electron donors); anaerobic HRT of 1 to 2 hours; avoidance of nitrate in the anaerobic zone (inhibits PAO activity). Sidestream phosphorus recovery (struvite crystallisation, MgNH4PO4.6H2O, Ksp 2.5 times 10 to the -13) in digestate returns at 50 to 80 degrees C, pH 8.0 to 9.0, recovers 30 to 50 percent of influent P as a slow-release fertiliser (P2O5 content 28 percent); commercially available as Ostara Pearl, Multiform Harvest Lysosarc systems.

    Chemical phosphorus precipitation uses ferric chloride (FeCl3, dose 2 to 3 molar ratio Fe:P) or ferric sulphate, or alum (Al2(SO4)3, dose 1.5 to 2.5 molar ratio Al:P). Precipitation reactions: Fe3+ + PO4-3 yields FePO4 (Ksp 1.3 times 10 to the -22); Al3+ + PO4-3 yields AlPO4 (Ksp 9.8 times 10 to the -21). Simultaneous precipitation (dosing to primary or secondary treatment) versus post-precipitation (tertiary clarifier) versus pre-precipitation (dosing before primary) affects sludge handling and effluent quality. Tertiary chemical precipitation with sand filtration or membrane filtration achieves TP less than 0.1 mg/L. Combined biological-chemical (hybrid) processes are most common at large plants: EBPR for bulk removal plus polishing chemical dose for permit compliance. Coagulation aids (polyacrylamide flocculants, typically 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L) improve floc settleability and reduce chemical dose by 20 to 30 percent.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the regulatory phosphorus limit for wastewater discharge?

    EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC, revised 2022/0345/COD): TP less than 1 mg/L for plants greater than 10,000 PE discharging to sensitive areas (eutrophic or at risk); less than 2 mg/L for 100,000+ PE in normal areas. US EPA: NPDES permit limits are site-specific; Chesapeake Bay Program requires 0.18 mg/L TP from large plants; Great Lakes Compact recommends 1.0 mg/L; many states have adopted 0.1 mg/L for nutrient-sensitive waters. UK EA: site-specific based on receiving water catchment status under WFD; chalk stream catchments and protected areas may require 0.1 mg/L or lower; standard sensitive area limit is 1 mg/L. The revised EU UWWTD proposed in 2022 introduces nutrient removal requirements for plants greater than 1,000 PE discharging to sensitive areas, significantly expanding coverage.

    What is biological phosphorus removal?

    Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) uses polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) to remove phosphorus without chemical addition. PAOs store phosphate intracellularly as polyphosphate: in the anaerobic zone (no oxygen or nitrate), PAOs release phosphate (energy via poly-P hydrolysis) and take up volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate); in the aerobic zone, PAOs over-accumulate phosphate using energy from substrate oxidation, achieving intracellular P content up to 15 percent of dry weight vs 2 to 3 percent for ordinary heterotrophs. EBPR requires influent BOD:TP ratio greater than 15:1 (ideally greater than 20:1), sufficient VFAs (at least 25 mg acetate-COD/L in the anaerobic zone), and strict exclusion of nitrate from the anaerobic selector. Achievable effluent TP: 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L in well-operated systems; supplementary chemical polishing brings this to less than 0.1 mg/L if required.

    Can phosphorus be recovered from wastewater?

    Yes. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MgNH4PO4.6H2O) crystallisation is the leading phosphorus recovery technology, applied to centrate or filtrate from anaerobic digestion (where P concentrations are elevated to 50 to 200 mg/L due to biological release during digestion). Struvite forms spontaneously in digestion systems; controlled crystallisation in a fluidised bed reactor (Ostara Pearl, CNP PHOSPAQ, Multiform Harvest) at pH 7.5 to 8.5, temperature 20 to 25 degrees C, Mg:P molar ratio of 1.2 to 1.5 produces prill-sized crystals used as slow-release fertiliser (EN certification as mineral phosphate fertiliser in EU). Plant-wide P recovery: 20 to 50 percent of influent P; reduces chemical dosing requirements for downstream P removal by 10 to 30 percent. Regulations: EU Fertilising Products Regulation (2019/1009) certifies struvite as a component material for CE-marked fertilisers; UK Fertilisers Regulations (as amended post-Brexit) allow recovered struvite.

    What chemicals are used for phosphorus precipitation?

    Primary coagulants for phosphorus precipitation: (1) Ferric chloride (FeCl3, liquid 40 percent w/w): most widely used; dose 2 to 3 mol Fe per mol P (stoichiometric); pH optimum 5 to 7; produces voluminous ferric hydroxide floc with high water content (3 to 5 percent TS sludge); corrosive (pH of 40% solution approximately 0); (2) Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4, copperas): lower cost than ferric; requires aeration to oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+ for effective PO4 precipitation; (3) Aluminium sulphate (alum, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O): dose 1.5 to 2.5 mol Al per mol P; pH optimum 6 to 7; used where iron salts cause aesthetic issues (colour in effluent); (4) Sodium aluminate (NaAlO2): used in high-pH systems (anaerobic digesters) where caustic conditions are acceptable. Polymer flocculants (anionic polyacrylamide, 0.5 to 2 mg/L) are added as coagulant aid. Chemical costs typically GBP 15 to 40 per kg P removed for iron-based precipitation.

    Case Study·Municipal wastewater treatment
    Challenge

    A 95,000 PE activated sludge works in the East Midlands was failing its Environment Agency permit for total phosphorus (consent limit 1 mg/L TP), routinely discharging 3 to 5 mg/L TP into a phosphorus-sensitive watercourse classified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Biological phosphorus removal via EBPR was unreliable due to low influent VFA concentrations during dry weather.

    Approach

    The operator installed simultaneous precipitation using ferric chloride dosing at the secondary clarifier inlet (target Fe:P molar ratio 2.5:1) combined with a tertiary sand filter polishing stage. A phosphate analyser on the clarifier effluent enabled closed-loop dosing control. Struvite risk in the digester was managed by adding magnesium dosing upstream of the centrate return, recovering struvite pellets via a fluidised bed crystalliser.

    Outcome

    Effluent TP fell to 0.4 mg/L on average (permit compliance sustained). Ferric chloride consumption stabilised at 180 kg/day, 22% lower than manual-dose baseline. Struvite recovery generated 1.8 tonnes per week of CE-marked slow-release fertiliser, generating GBP 28,000 per year in avoided chemical disposal costs.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    1. 1

      What is the consent limit for total phosphorus and is the receiving watercourse classified as phosphorus-sensitive?

      Consent limits below 1 mg/L TP require reliable tertiary polishing; phosphorus-sensitive designations (SSSI, SAC) may trigger stricter limits under the Habitats Regulations.

    2. 2

      What is the influent BOD:TP ratio and VFA availability for EBPR feasibility?

      A BOD:TP ratio above 20:1 with adequate VFAs supports biological removal without chemical cost; below this threshold, chemical precipitation is the primary route.

    3. 3

      Is struvite scaling already occurring in digesters, centrifuges, or pipework?

      Uncontrolled struvite formation causes blockages and bearing failures; incorporating a recovery crystalliser converts a maintenance problem into a revenue stream.

    4. 4

      What is the target effluent TP and what compliance window is required (annual average vs 95th percentile)?

      Compliance basis affects design headroom; 95th-percentile limits require more conservative chemical dosing or additional polishing capacity to handle peak loads.

    5. 5

      How will residual ferric sludge affect downstream digestion and sludge disposal route?

      Ferric dosing increases sludge volumes by 10 to 25% and may reduce biogas yield by 5 to 15% in co-digestion; this affects totex and may influence choice between iron-based and aluminium-based coagulants.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    Chemical reagent consumption (ferric chloride or alum)

    GBP 15 to 40 per kg P removed for iron-based precipitation; closed-loop analyser-controlled dosing typically reduces reagent use by 15 to 25% vs manual.

    Tertiary filtration capital and operating cost

    Sand or cloth-media filters add GBP 0.8 million to 2.5 million capex per 10 MLD capacity; required where effluent limits are below 0.5 mg/L TP.

    Sludge disposal uplift from chemical precipitation

    Ferric addition increases sludge mass by 10 to 25%, raising cake transport and disposal costs by GBP 20 to 60 per tonne DS.

    Struvite recovery system installation

    Fluidised bed crystallisers cost GBP 400,000 to 1.2 million installed but can generate GBP 20,000 to 80,000 per year in fertiliser sales and reduce chemical P-removal load by 10 to 30%.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulations 1994 (as amended)

    Transpose EU UWWTD; set TP consent limits for WWTPs greater than 10,000 PE discharging to sensitive areas; limits typically 1 or 2 mg/L TP depending on catchment classification.

    Environmental Permitting Regulations 2016

    EA issues Environmental Permits specifying effluent P limits; breach constitutes an offence under Regulation 38(1) with unlimited fines and potential custodial sentences.

    Habitats Regulations 2017

    Phosphorus-sensitive SAC and SSSI catchments may require Habitats Regulations Assessment; EA may issue P reduction notices requiring sub-0.5 mg/L TP where water body fails to achieve Good Ecological Status.

    EU Fertilising Products Regulation 2019/1009 and UK Fertilisers Regulations

    Recovered struvite qualifies as a component material for CE-marked/UKCA-marked mineral fertilisers; quality and safety criteria must be met for Product Regulation compliance and avoiding Waste Framework Directive classification.