Treatment Technologies

    Advanced Oxidation Process Companies

    AOP suppliers, UV/H₂O₂, ozone, Fenton, and catalytic oxidation for refractory organics, PFAS, and trace contaminants.

    110 providers

    This page is a good fit if you need:

    • Ion Exchange or Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) capabilities
    • Suppliers with manufacturing sector experience
    • Providers operating in United Kingdom or Netherlands
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    3rd Light Media Ltd logo

    3rd Light Media Ltd

    United Kingdom

    3rd Light Media provide technical documentation and design services for water and wastewater projects, both in the UK and internationally. We provide a range of documentation for projects, helping clients achieve their handover requirements and producing high quality documents which provide the end users with the information they need to operate and maintain the plants. We are a market leader in driving digital innovative solutions to our clients to ensure documentation is presented in new and dynamic ways, this includes development of web-based O&M manuals which can integrate with client I.T. systems such as SharePoint; Graphical design to enable data and documentation of assets on a site plan or P&ID to be available within just a few clicks of a button. Additionally, we have developed a QR coded asset tagging system and mobile App. Our services mean we can provide our clients with a single source for all handover documentation requirements. The services we can provide include: Operating and Maintenance Manuals (O&Ms) Site Operating Manual (SOM) Health & Safety Files Asset Data Registration Training Manuals Site Drawings (P&IDs, Process Flows, Site Layouts and Plans, GA’s, Single Line Diagrams and more) AutoCAD Drafting Services Additionally, we also provide a range of onsite services to further enhance being a one stop provider for all your project handover needs. Some of the onsite services we provide include: Asset Identification Tags (to meet all individual client specifications) Pipe Banding to BS1710 Site signage and labelling We also provide a range of design and pre-construction services, with experience when working with Tier 1 contractors at ECI / Outline Design stages of projects including: Functional Design Specifications Control Philosophies Factory Acceptance & Site Acceptance Tests for Software Testing Commissioning Plans and Sequencing Asset Condition Reports Verification Survey Works (Producing P&IDs, ICA and Electrical Design Proposals) We work as an integrated team with both contractors and clients to ensure all aspects of project handover are achieved to the highest standard. We are able to do this with our vast knowledge of individual water companies asset standards and specifications. We are also experienced in using portals such as TWEXnet, Asite, Aconex, Business Collaborator and Conject for uploading documents. Our team comprises of skilled and experienced site and process engineers with a vast knowledge of both water and wastewater treatment systems. Our team of engineers all hold EUSR Water Hygiene and CSCS cards as well as water company specific requirements such as the Thames Water Safety Passport. We also have an in-house graphic design team providing professionally drawn illustrations and drawings which are used within our documentation, helping to visualise written descriptions and processes. Our philosophy is to take the burden of producing documentation on projects away from our clients. Being skilled process engineers, we will visit sites to gather information and we work with your supply chain to coordinate the availability of all required documents and drawings, ensuring compliance with the end clients standards. We write all the technical content and detail to the highest standard, supported by expertly drawn diagrams and illustrations. Some of the water companies we have worked with include: Thames Water Affinity Water Yorkshire Water Southern Water Severn Trent South East Water United Utilities Welsh Water Bristol Water Essex & Suffolk Water Irish Water Haya Water We work both directly with water companies and Tier 1 and Tier 2 contractors. We work on projects of all sizes, from minor schemes to major £100+ million projects.

    Treatment Works Products/Services
    Accreditations
    ACWA Services Ltd logo

    ACWA Services Ltd

    United Kingdom

    ACWA is one of the leading UK players delivering innovative sustainable process solutions and technologies for both municipal and industrial clean water, wastewater and bio-solids treatment. ACWA design and execute resilient cost-effective technologies which address the needs of our clients and their regulatory drivers whilst helping to address climate change. ACWA provides expert technical products and services to the water, wastewater and industrial sectors. Our expertise combines practical experience with academic knowledge across a wide range of specialisms. These include: Design and build (digital delivery and off-site manufacture) Commissioning Project management We apply our extensive expertise to help our clients find the best sustainable, cost-effective solutions that meet all their requirements. We serve our wholesale water, wastewater and biosolids markets plus industrial food and beverage clients with their water needs. Our primary specialist areas are: Water treatment Wastewater treatment Industrial effluent Food and beverage TECHNOLOGIES In finding the best solutions we look at innovative ideas and turn them into reality producing some of the most sustainable technological solutions on the market. Our technologies include: Nitreat® Ion Exchange: This is a reversible nitrate removal process by which ions are interchanged between a solid and a liquid with no substantial structural changes in the solid. AquaPyr™ Tertiary Solids Removal Filter: This process is a simple filter that can also remove phosphorous using innovative cleaning technology producing low waste and using less power than other filters. Amtreat® High Rate Ammonia Removal: This process is a high-rate activated sludge process designed to treat wastewater streams and sludge liquors containing high concentrations of ammonia. DESIGN & BUILD ACWA’s in-house design capability is the architecture on which each project is meticulously built. The latest 3D models create precision imaging of all types of installations from a complex water or effluent treatment plan to a single piece of equipment to be integrated into an existing system. Through in-house engineers ACWA deliver a complete range of technical design and build expertise across projects and programmes of work that include, civil, mechanical, process and electrical, instrumentation and control and automation. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACWA’s team of highly-experienced project managers, engineers and technicians work closely with clients and key project team members to deliver solutions in an efficient, timely, cost-effective and environmentally-responsible manner. Project management includes ensuring complete compliance with all relevant regulations, both European, national and where relevant, international, while at all times maintaining a clear focus on the project remit. Our responsibility is to ensure each project is a complete success, both for our client and for the environment. We actively identify and manage risks, issues, changes to requirements and quality standards to guarantee the best possible outcome. COMMISSIONING For hands-on commissioning services, ACWA is an industry leader, focussed on complex water and wastewater facilities for municipal and industrial clients. Commissioning is an essential step in project delivery. Without it we cannot have assurance of a quality outcome. Our in-house team provides comprehensive commissioning services getting involved at project start-up to take the project through planning design, construction and turnover, on time and on budget. ACWA’s multi-disciplined knowledge and expertise includes, system design, electrical testing, operations and maintenance (incl. training) as well as systems and process diagnostics, providing an authoritative and effective resource. WATER TREATMENT Our water expertise comprehensively covers the filtration spectrum from conventional strainers and filtration systems to the most advanced reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies. Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis / Desalination Ion Exchange Conventional Water Treatment Pressure Filters Gravity Filters Chemical Treatment Granular Activated Carbon WASTEWATER TREATMENT The days of wastewater disposal by methods that had no consideration for the implications to the environment are over. As water scarcity increases and the pressure to comply with ever increasing environmental legislation for effective effluent treatment intensifies, it has never been more important to choose the right wastewater partner who can provide a range of effective processes. ACWA can deliver those solutions. Preliminary Treatment Aerobic Biological Treatment Anaerobic Treatment Membrane Bio Reactor High-Rate Ammonia Removal (Amtreat®) Scrubber Effluent Treatment Plant Effluent Re-use Tertiary Treatment Sludge Treatment

    Designers
    Concrete Repairs Ltd logo

    Concrete Repairs Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Concrete Repairs Limited (CRL) is a specialist asset maintenance contractor who is here to help you with the inspection, repair & refurbishment of your concrete water assets. CRL provide comprehensive repair and refurbishment services tailored to the needs of the water and wastewater sector throughout the UK. These include the inspection, repair, refurbishment and upgrading of service reservoirs, contact tanks, water towers & wastewater treatment plants. With over 65 years of experience, CRL understands the importance of maintaining water quality and supply to customers. Therefore, when planning repairs, we prioritise effective programming of the work and optimal utilization of the assets being repaired. Our choice of repair methodologies and materials always reflects this commitment. At CRL, we pride ourselves on being a reliable partner to the water companies. We collaborate closely with them to identify problems early, quantify the necessary repairs, and establish a timeline for refurbishment. Throughout this process, we focus on ensuring the longevity and optimal performance of the assets. CRL provide proven and successful cost-effective repair and refurbishment options which meet our clients’ objectives of upgrading and increasing the life of their structures. CRL is capable of undertaking individual projects of up to £20M, either under competitive tender, or through Partnering/Framework arrangements. Our broad experience across various sectors ensures we deliver efficient, robust, and technically advanced services.

    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Sewer Inspections
    Costain logo

    Costain

    United Kingdom

    Costain works with water and wastewater companies to shape, create and deliver pioneering solutions that improve water quality, affordability and resilience. Population growth, regulatory changes, energy costs and climate change are having a dramatic impact on water usage. The national approach to managing water supply is changing to meet these challenges. The Government and industry regulator are tasked with cutting wastage and preserving an increasingly valuable resource, while protecting consumers from higher water bills. The water sector team offers: Expert input into consultation documents, close work with Government and water companies and innovative delivery, all of which help to minimise costs to water users while meeting national investment needs. A manufacturing mindset: programme optimisation advisory services, standard product development, production controls, whole-life costing and lean delivery processes. Cross-sector best practice: we provide value for our clients by drawing on experience from across the company and by working closely with our decarbonisation experts to drive regional growth strategies. Technology integration: working with some of the UK’s leading asset and data analytics organisations we analyse large volumes of real time data to create greater benefits for our customers through optimised maintenance, pump operation, energy and chemical usage. Current water industry frameworks: Anglian Water – Strategic Pipeline Alliance Severn Trent Southern Water – CMDP JV Thames Water United Utilities – Maintenance Service Provider Yorkshire Water – Technical Services

    Programme Management
    Contractors
    Dunphy Combustion Ltd logo

    Dunphy Combustion Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Dunphy have extensive experience in manufacturing, installing and maintaining ultra low NOx burners for sludge and wastewater treatment processes. Our burner designs mitigate the formation of thermal NOx through staged combustion supported by CFD optimised combustion heads and advanced touchscreen digital boiler/burner controls. When used with a correctly dimensioned boiler, NOx emissions are inherently low at 35mg. per kWh on gas and biogas. Burner components are designed and manufactured in materials which resist corrosion thus reducing expensive maintenance downtime. Design options also include sluice burners, retractable heads and web based software for the remote management of burners and boilers. Our factory laboratories have facilities to test the critical fuel characteristics of recovered sewerage biogases – including key calorific variations. This data then informs the engineering design of burners and boiler shells to optimise specific site combustion efficiency. Dunphy also specialise in the off-site manufacture of modular boiler houses for wastewater treatment sites. Our assembly hall adjacent to our main factory complex allows the construction of double tier containerised plant rooms which are delivered to site fully equipped and tested. The plant is ATEX compliant and we prepare all FDS reports, DSEAR analyses, SIL and risk assessments. Examples of our prefabricated energy centres can be seen on Thames Water, Severn Trent and Scottish Water sites – as well as municipal waste to energy locations. Dunphy customers benefit from direct contact with our engineers through the processes of project design, equipment manufacture and testing, installation and commissioning thus by-passing the alternative, lengthy third party contractual chain. Our customers include: Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water Uisce Éireann Northumbrian Water Severn Trent Scottish Water Southern Water Thames Water United Utilities Wessex Water Yorkshire Water

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Majenta Solutions Limited logo

    Majenta Solutions Limited

    United Kingdom

    Established just as PLM was gaining popularity in 1995, Majenta Solutions have since become a specialist leader in digital supply integration Our origins With an initial focus on supporting large automotive OEMs with PLM strategy, Majenta played a crucial role in enabling the supply chain to embrace new systems and technological advancements. Over the years, we have kept pace with technological developments and expanded our expertise to support the transportation and construction industries, among others. Our expertise Leveraging our deep understanding of PLM, Majenta excels in ensuring regulatory compliance, streamlining workflows, and enhancing collaboration across global supply chains. In the construction industry, we support BIM and other advanced digital construction practices. Our journey reflects a commitment to innovation and excellence, consistently adapting to industry changes and delivering the best digital solutions for design and engineering. Our aim Today, we act as a trusted partner for businesses looking to navigate the complexities of digital supply chains and digital transformation. Our services span multiple sectors and project types, but our aim is always the same — ensuring the right information is in the right place, at the right time. Why Choose Majenta to partner with? The automotive and construction industries are evolving faster than ever, and mastery of digital engineering processes, standards, and tools is crucial for any organisation looking to maintain a competitive edge. Majenta is your expert guide — helping you navigate complex technologies, offering practical support and training and developing your potential for growth and success in the sectors you serve. We’re a team of seasoned professionals with extensive real-world project experience. Our partner network includes industry-defining brands such as BSI, BIMobject and COBie. And our clients range from specialist startup firms to household names such as Nissan, Jaguar Land Rover, University of Liverpool, Willmott Dixon and Vinci. It’s a winning combination — allowing us to deliver transformational consultancy that adds measurable value to your business. With Majenta in your corner, there’s no limit to what you can achieve.

    Site Preparation
    Designers
    SEEPEX UK Ltd logo

    SEEPEX UK Ltd

    United Kingdom

    SEEPEX is a leading worldwide specialist in the design, manufacture and application of progressive cavity pumps, macerators and digital solutions which optimise uptime and reduce downtime to give an optimal TOTEX solution. Our products and expertise are applied in most applications in the wastewater industry wherever thin to highly viscous and high % DS media is conveyed. Each solution is custom-configured to suit our customers’ requirements. Pump Technology 4.0 SEEPEX Digital Solutions incorporating the Pump Monitor turn the progressive cavity pump into an intelligent field device, operating in a networked system of smart products, services and processes. SEEPEX cloud-based service provides online remote monitoring and management of the pumps and process. Data collection and advanced analytics enable process and pump optimisation and reduce inspection, downtime and operating costs, facilitating predictive maintenance and timely delivery of spare parts to improve overall equipment and plant efficiency. Unlocking the Power of Digital Our latest innovation, the most intelligent progressive cavity pump in the world, allows remote adjustment to maintain pump performance without onsite manual intervention. With SEEPEX unique SCT AutoAdjust technology, combined with our digital solutions, site visits for maintenance are eliminated and access to otherwise hard to reach pump installations can be carried out remotely. Energy Efficient Long Distance Pumping of Dewatered Sludge Our dewatered sludge handling solutions include Smart Air Injection (SAI) technology, an energy efficient system delivering energy savings of approximately 40% by combining a progressive cavity pump with pneumatic dense phase conveying to transport 14-40% DS sludge over long distances up to 1,000 meters. This alternative to conventional technologies has proven to significantly reduce operational (energy, spare parts and downtime) and total investment costs. Patented Solutions for Smart Maintenance. Fast and Simple. SEEPEX continues to extend its world class portfolio of maintain-in-place technologies for pumps with capacities up to 300m3/hr and 48 bar, able to handle flowable to highly viscous products with a high % DS content. The new patented BNM range has been designed to simplify customers’ maintenance and can reduce maintenance time by up to 80% with a significant reduction in related costs. SEEPEX latest ease of maintenance solution for big pumps complements our Smart Conveying Technology (SCT), launched in 2008 and still setting standards in the maintenance of smaller standard progressive cavity pumps, and Drive Joint Access (DJA) technology for open hopper pumps. All of these patented solutions increase uptime and plant availability.

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Chemical Dosing
    Steve Vick International Ltd logo

    Steve Vick International Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Steve Vick International (SVI) is dedicated to delivering cost-saving solutions for damaged, redundant or outdated underground pipework. Since its foundation in 1981, SVI has been at the forefront in developing products and techniques for the repair, renovation and decommissioning of pipes. Predominantly our work has been in the gas industry but increasingly we are undertaking projects in the water and nuclear sectors. We are the UK’s leading producer of Pipe Coil Trailers and offer a range of Pipe Handling equipment such as Handlers, Crackers and Cutters. Some of our latest innovations include the PE Pipe Cutter, the Pipe Feeder for Pre-Insulated coiled pipe, PE Live Head for Live Mains Insertion, the Perpetual Pipe Pusher, FBOS (Foambag Operation on Stubs) and SMARTester. WATER: For over 20 years water utilities and their contractors in the UK and overseas have used our pipe handling equipment to improve their efficiency and safety. Today our products include Pipe Handlers, Pipe Coil Trailers and Pipe Cutters as well as our patented DRAINBLOCK™ and RATBLOCK™ sealing systems. GAS: In the UK we are major suppliers to all the gas distribution networks. Many of the techniques we have pioneered have become the preferred methods of working in the industry and our resin foam sealant products and associated equipment are key to many of the cost-saving renovation processes used. NUCLEAR: SVI offer solutions to the problems associated with decommissioning and sealing disused pipework, ducts, sleeves and ventilation shafts. Our technology can also be designed for the mass filling of large and complex voids and is a lightweight alternative to cement grout. We have worked at Hinkley, Sellafield, Harwell, Chapelcross and Hunterston. CONTRACT SERVICES: A rapidly expanding part of our business is our Contract Service department who are well known for their work in the field of renewing and repairing underground gas pipes, for the UK Gas Distribution Networks. However, they are becoming increasingly involved in projects being undertaken by water utilities, electricity providers, rail networks, civil engineers, construction companies and local councils. This reflects the range of skills and expertise available to solve on-site problems associated with pipe repair, renovation, and diversion. Located strategically around the UK the highly skilled team can provide a fast response, emergency repairs and a rapid call out service which is offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. HIRE: We offer specialist plant and equipment for the Utilities Industries. Products available for hire include our Pipe Handlers, Perpetual Pipe Pusher, Pipe Coil Trailers, Rapid Rotary Cutters, Rapid Window Cutters, MACAW Pipe Crackers, CRACKERJACK and Mini Purge. All our hire equipment comes with onsite support from our highly experienced engineers and our products are fully maintained and serviced at our depots. All equipment is also available to purchase. SMARTester: SMARTester is the wireless pressure test system, that ensures absolute traceability and best practice. The system combines: SMARTester pressure sensor, an intuitive App and a Dashboard database of test evidence. Together the 3 components work to give you confidence that your tests are highly accurate, fully compliant and that evidence is traceable.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    EE

    Eragon Enviro Tech. (Xiamen) Co., Ltd.

    Verified
    China51-200 employees
    Reverse Osmosis (RO) · Inclined Plate Settlers (Lamella Clarifiers)
    china · apac · europe

    Eragon Enviro Tech (Xiamen) Co., Ltd. is a specialized provider of industrial water and wastewater treatment solutions, supporting engineering teams, EPC contractors, and industrial clients in solving complex water challenges. We focus on process design, system integration, equipment manufacturing, and modular system supply for industrial wastewater treatment, water reuse, ultrapure water (UPW), and advanced ZLD/MLD applications. Our solutions are applied across semiconductor, electroplating, electronics, and new energy industries, as well as other industrial sectors dealing with complex wastewater streams. We help clients improve system reliability, optimize process stability, reduce operational risks, and meet stringent discharge and reuse standards in demanding industrial environments. With in-house engineering capability and manufacturing strength, we support global partners from design to execution for high-performance water treatment systems.

    mining-quarrying
    chemicals-pharmaceuticals

    Advanced Oxidation Process Design for Trace Contaminant Destruction

    Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) with oxidation potential of 2.8 V — second only to fluorine — to mineralize pharmaceuticals, pesticides, 1,4-dioxane, NDMA, and other recalcitrant micropollutants. The dominant configurations are UV/H₂O₂ (peroxide 5–25 mg/L, UV dose 500–1,500 mJ/cm²), ozone/H₂O₂ (peroxide-to-ozone mass ratio 0.3–0.5), UV/chlorine, and catalytic ozonation. Each is selected on a contaminant-specific basis using bench-scale hydroxyl-radical exposure (Rct) testing on actual feedwater.

    Electrical energy per order (EE/O) is the universal AOP design metric: kWh required to reduce a target contaminant by one log (90%) per cubic meter. Typical EE/O values are 0.5–2 kWh/m³ for UV/H₂O₂ on 1,4-dioxane, 0.1–0.5 kWh/m³ for ozone/H₂O₂ on pharmaceuticals. Scavenging from bicarbonate alkalinity above 100 mg/L CaCO₃, dissolved organic matter, and chloride raises EE/O substantially. Feedwater pretreatment via softening, biological filtration, or low-pressure RO is often the first design lever before AOP sizing.

    Regulatory drivers include the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive recast 2024 requiring micropollutant removal at large WWTPs by 2045, California Title 22 indirect potable reuse, and Singapore NEWater standards. AOPs are typically the polishing barrier between MF/UF + RO and the final blending point. Specify residual oxidant quench (sulfite or GAC) to protect downstream distribution and avoid bromate formation when treating high-bromide waters above 50 µg/L. Aguato lists AOP providers with proven pilot-to-full-scale references.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Which AOP is best for removing 1,4-dioxane from groundwater?

    UV/H₂O₂ is the established choice for 1,4-dioxane because the contaminant absorbs UV poorly but reacts readily with hydroxyl radicals. Typical design uses 3–10 mg/L H₂O₂ dose, 800–1,500 mJ/cm² UV dose with low-pressure UV lamps, achieving 1–2 log removal at EE/O of 0.5–2 kWh/m³. Bicarbonate alkalinity is the dominant scavenger; pre-softening or low-pressure RO ahead of UV/H₂O₂ reduces operating cost dramatically.

    What is EE/O and why does it matter for AOP design?

    Electrical energy per order (EE/O), in kWh/m³, is the energy required to achieve one log (90%) reduction of a target contaminant. It is the universal AOP cost metric — lower EE/O means lower OPEX. For 1,4-dioxane, EE/O ranges from 0.3 kWh/m³ (low scavenging, optimal peroxide) to >3 kWh/m³ (high alkalinity, high TOC). Always demand pilot-derived, contaminant-specific EE/O before procurement.

    When should I choose ozone/H₂O₂ over UV/H₂O₂?

    Ozone/H₂O₂ (peroxone) is preferred for high-flow potable reuse where capital cost favors ozone contactors over UV reactors, for waters with high UV-blocking (color, iron), or for combined taste-and-odor and micropollutant duty. UV/H₂O₂ is preferred for groundwater with low UV-blocking, for NDMA destruction (UV directly photolyzes NDMA), and where bromate formation must be avoided in high-bromide source water.

    Do AOPs produce harmful disinfection byproducts?

    Yes - bromate (regulated at 10 micrograms/L under UK WS(WQ)R 2016 and EU DWD 2020) forms when ozonating waters with bromide above 50 micrograms/L. NDMA can form in UV/chlorine systems treating amine-containing waters. Aldehydes and assimilable organic carbon increase post-AOP, requiring biofiltration polishing. Pilot testing must quantify byproduct formation before full-scale design lock.

    Case Study·Indirect potable reuse scheme, groundwater replenishment, Thames Valley, UK
    Challenge

    A water company evaluating indirect potable reuse of highly treated effluent for aquifer replenishment needed to demonstrate removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants (carbamazepine, diclofenac, metformin) to below 100 ng/L and 1,4-dioxane to below 10 micrograms/L before allowing recharge to the chalk aquifer. Conventional secondary treatment alone achieved less than 20% removal of these compounds.

    Approach

    A pilot AOP train comprising ozone/H2O2 (O3:H2O2 ratio 0.4 by mass, ozone dose 8 mg/L) followed by biologically active carbon filtration was designed and tested at pilot scale over 12 months using actual site effluent. The BAC stage after ozonation removed assimilable organic carbon generated by partial oxidation and provided an additional polishing barrier for residual micropollutants.

    Outcome

    Pilot testing achieved greater than 99% removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and metformin to below 10 ng/L, and 1,4-dioxane reduction from 45 to below 2 micrograms/L. Bromate formation was controlled below 5 micrograms/L by pH depression to 6.8 ahead of ozonation, well within the 10 micrograms/L limit. Results supported the DWI risk assessment submission for the reuse scheme.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    1. 1

      What hydroxyl radical exposure (Rct) have you measured for our specific feedwater matrix, and how does scavenging from bicarbonate alkalinity and dissolved organic matter affect your EE/O calculations?

      Rct is feedwater-specific; using a generic value from a different water matrix will underestimate or overestimate the UV/H2O2 or ozone dose required for your target contaminant removal.

    2. 2

      Have you pilot-tested the proposed AOP on our actual feedwater, and can you provide EE/O data for our target compounds across the seasonal range of water quality we experience?

      EE/O must be measured on actual feedwater at representative seasonal conditions; laboratory data using spiked clean water dramatically underestimates real-world energy consumption.

    3. 3

      What byproducts do you predict at the proposed oxidant dose on our feedwater, and have you measured bromate, NDMA, and aldehyde formation in pilot tests?

      AOP byproduct formation is feedwater-specific and dose-dependent; without pilot-measured byproduct data, full-scale design cannot confirm regulatory compliance.

    4. 4

      What quench or polishing step follows the AOP stage, and how does it handle residual oxidant, assimilable organic carbon, and any treatment byproducts?

      Residual H2O2 or ozone damages downstream membranes if not quenched; AOC increase post-AOP requires BAC polishing to prevent regrowth in distribution.

    5. 5

      What operational flexibility does the system have to increase or decrease oxidant dose in response to variable inlet water quality, and what is the minimum and maximum dose range?

      Source water quality varies seasonally and with upstream discharges; the AOP system must be able to respond to these variations while remaining within byproduct formation limits.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    Target contaminant and required log removal

    EE/O varies by more than an order of magnitude between easy-to-oxidise compounds and recalcitrant ones like 1,4-dioxane; the number of log removals required directly determines energy cost per cubic metre.

    Feedwater UV transmittance and scavenging

    Low UVT (below 80% at 254 nm) requires proportionally more UV energy to deliver the same effective UV dose at the target volume; high alkalinity scavenges hydroxyl radicals, requiring higher H2O2 dose and longer contact time.

    Ozone versus UV infrastructure

    Ozone generation requires on-site oxygen supply and ozone contactors (concrete or stainless steel vessels); UV systems require UV reactors and H2O2 dosing; capital cost profiles differ significantly, with ozone systems typically costing more at scales above 2,000 m3/day.

    Downstream BAC polishing requirements

    If biologically active carbon polishing is required to manage AOC and residual oxidant post-AOP, the contactor vessels, media, and backwash infrastructure add 20 to 40% to the capital cost of the AOP stage alone.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016

    Sets the bromate parametric value of 10 micrograms/L that constrains ozone dose in UK drinking water treatment, and provides the framework for emerging micropollutant guideline values.

    DWI Regulation 31

    AOP processes using ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or UV above defined outputs require DWI prior approval before installation on a public water supply, including toxicological review of any new chemicals used.

    BS EN 14897

    Standard for UV treatment devices for drinking water, specifying performance testing, validation dose requirements, and installation guidance.

    UKWIR Guidelines on Wastewater Reuse for Potable Purposes

    Provides the UK framework for demonstrating sufficient pathogen and contaminant reduction for indirect potable reuse schemes, relevant to AOP systems treating advanced effluent for groundwater replenishment.