Treatment Technologies

    Water Filtration Systems

    Industrial water filtration system suppliers, sand and multimedia, cartridge, bag, and self-cleaning units, plus pressure and gravity vessel skids for pre-treatment, side-stream, and process water duty.

    428 providers

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    • Filtration or Reverse Osmosis (RO) capabilities
    • Suppliers with utilities sector experience
    • Providers operating in China or Netherlands
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    Bagnall Construction logo

    Bagnall Construction

    United Kingdom

    With over 25 years of expertise and experience in the construction and refurbishment of trickling filters both mineral filter media and structured plastic filter media. We pride ourselves on our reputation, customer care and service and our considerable expertise in this field. Offering a full build and refurbishment service, we supply and install filter bed walls, filter bed tiles, ventilation systems and various types of filter media. Our experience enables us to offer advice where required. For almost twenty years, we have specialised in the washing and cleaning of used filter media for re-use on site or to send to recycling facilities as appropriate; delivering significant cost and environmental advantages to the client. We have carried out scores of these projects giving us unrivalled experience in this field, with the opportunity to fine tune very effective methods tailored to each site and have developed a specialist portable washing system incorporating a Portafill 3000 wash plant.

    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Filter Media
    Bluewater Bio logo

    Bluewater Bio

    United Kingdom

    Bluewater Bio (BwB) is an award winning global specialist in technologies for cost-effective water & wastewater treatment. Headquartered in London, BwB’s range of best in class technologies have been deployed at over 100 sites globally. Next generation proprietary technologies With two fully commercialised technologies proven at utility scale, complemented by an active New Product Development pipeline, BwB’s capabilities now include: HYBACS (enhanced activated sludge process). FilterClear® (high throughput multi-media filtration). GHG-Tox® (nitrification and greenhouse gas monitoring). CFIC® (highly efficient UV system). Operational & Maintenance services (supporting a population equivalent of c. 1 million). World Class R&D team, based at Cranfield University, UK. Targets & goals BwB’s growing technology portfolio is focused primarily on the rapid upgrading, optimisation and monitoring of water and wastewater treatment plants. The company has a particular emphasis on reducing: Capital, operational and compliance costs. Energy & chemical consumption. Physical & environmental footprint. Greenhouse gas emissions. Construction and commissioning times. Combining its R&D expertise with a highly entrepreneurial business approach, Bluewater Bio not only develops its own innovations but also scours adjacent markets for complementary IP, licence opportunities and partnerships. Through this aggregation strategy, Bluewater Bio aims to be the natural choice for cost effective treatment, re-use and monitoring provision across the water, wastewater and process industries.

    Designers
    Bollfilter UK Limited logo

    Bollfilter UK Limited

    United Kingdom

    Bollfilter UK is a team of highly motivated, positive and professional people with extensive knowledge and experience of the filtration industry. Here are some recent testimonials. As the dedicated technical sales arm of Boll & Kirch – Europe’s leading manufacturer of automatic water filters – Bollfilter UK provides complete filtration solutions and expertise through the supply of quality equipment, servicing, spares and support. Boll automatic filters are widely used by the UK water treatment industry thanks to their reliability, performance and durability. Featuring unique backflushing technology, they are provide low maintenance filter protection for tertiary waste water systems and primary potable water treatment plant and are ideal for unmanned sites. For potable water applications, Boll automatic filters can protect water treatment plant, such as membrane, UV disinfection, DAF recycling and ion exchange systems with a typical filtration level of 10-500 microns. For waste water treatment, Boll automatic filters can screen final effluent down to 50 microns for intermediate wash water equipment, such as screens, belt thickeners, filter presses and centrifuges. They can also protect NSAF and sand filters and be used with disc filters to prevent spray nozzles from blocking. For final effluent washwater booster pump protection, where overall pressure in the system is low but high pressure washwater is available, a Boll automatic filter fitted to the washwater feed will remove particulates to ensure efficient performance of pumps and keep downstream nozzles free from blocking. Where automatic filtration is not required, i.e. on cleaner systems or for very coarse filtration, Boll & Kirch also offer a range of simplex and duplex manual strainers. Bollfilter UK is dedicated to meeting and exceeding customer’s expectations from the first point of contact to the selection and supply of equipment, commissioning, after-sales support, spare parts advice recommendation and timely supply, on-site service/maintenance and training, and work for continual improvement through training and development. See some of our Case Studies: Automatic river water filtration for protection of the turbine cooling system National Oceanography Centre, Southampton Offshore wind parks: Filtration for Cooling of the Converter Platform BorWin Beta Chalton WRC Tertiary Treatment Plant for Ammonia & Solids Reduction HVAC: Art Gallery Liquid to Air Cooling & Heating System Roetgen Germany Potable Water Membrane Protection Pressured Far Baulker Potable Water Nitrate Reduction Plant (Ion Exchange) Keldgate Potable Water Membrane Protection Pressured Banwell Potable Water Membrane Protection Submerged Grimsbury Potable Water Nitrate Reduction Plant (Ion Exchange) Lound Potable Water DAF Saturator Protection Vines Cross Final Effluent Wash water Filtration Pump Protection Beckton Final Effluent Wash water Filtration Pump Protection Cranleigh Effluent Nitrifying Submerged Aerated Filter Protection Marchwood Power Station Cooling Water Salzbach-Salzberg Power Station Cooling Water Glendoe Power Station Cooling Water Reuter-Berlin Protection of Water Cooling System

    Treatment Process Technologies
    ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd logo

    ERG (Air Pollution Control) Ltd

    United Kingdom

    ERG (Air Pollution Control) Limited is the leading supplier of wastewater odour control units (OCUs) for the UK Water Industry and increasingly supplies odour control systems around the world. In addition, ERG can provide specialist advice and solutions to assist in achieving IED compliance for relevant odour assets. In the past 10 years, we have provided over 200 OCUs and count all the UK water companies and major main contractors among our clients. So, whether you are looking for a large, multi-stage chemical scrubbing system, an environmentally friendly bio-trickling filter or bio-scrubber system, a simple but efficient activated carbon or dry media system, an Odorgardâ„¢ from ERG Hygrade, or even an RTO (Regenerative Thermal Oxidiser) system, ERG can develop a tailor-made solution to suit. All ERG Odour Control Systems are: Purpose-designed by our process engineers to eliminate the cocktail of inlet odours to the required standard. Optimised to give the best value capital and running costs. Built and tested to current BS EN and WIMES specifications. Guaranteed to achieve the required discharge odour concentration and supported by our skilled and experienced maintenance team. Minimising non-compliant emissions to atmosphere by regular, planned maintenance protects your reputation and saves you money. Our maintenance department can help keep your air pollution and odour control systems running effectively and at the lowest operating costs. Our specialist engineers are experts in maintaining most types of odour and air pollution control equipment and always work to the highest safety standards. We often save clients many thousands of pounds by repairing and enhancing dilapidated air pollution and odour control equipment. We are a framework supplier for odour control maintenance to Southern Water, Scottish Water and Thames Water, regularly maintaining more than 120 sites.

    Treatment Works Products/Services
    Hewitech UK Ltd logo

    Hewitech UK Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Hewitech UK Ltd operate in the Stormwater, Wastewater and Cooling Towers markets in the UK Hewitech  design, manufacture and supply a comprehensive range of products for use in the wastewater, stormwater retention and infiltration, and cooling tower industries. Our structured media filters for biological wastewater treatment applications are suitable for both municipal and industrial waste and potable water, with our products being used for: BOD treatment and nitrification in trickling filters (NTF) Submerged aerated filters (SAF) Biologically activated fixed film filters (BAFF) Primary sedimentation through lamella, in new and existing applications. Hewitech’s SuDS systems for stormwater retention and infiltration are the strongest available in the stormwater market, proven by rigorously testing for long term performance. While our comprehensive range of plastic media fill, air louvres and drift eliminators have the high module strength, thermal efficiency, and excellent material temperature performance to meet all cooling tower applications. Our product range includes: HewiFILL HewiPIER HewiTUBE Variobox Hewitech work closely with consultants, designers, architects and engineers to ensure smooth design and install on all projects.

    Stormwater Storage
    Salix River and Wetland Services logo

    Salix River and Wetland Services

    United Kingdom

    Salix River & Wetland Services are bioengineering technical specialists, involved in the supply, contract and design elements of river, wetland and coastal projects. Salix has extensive experience working within all river types across the UK, providing innovative vegetated, sustainable solutions for soil erosion and wetland creation. SUPPLY Our in-house product range specifically developed for erosion control and habitat creation includes Coir Rolls, Coir Pallets, Rock Rolls, Rock Mattresses, Rock Bags and the world’s highest performing range of Composite Turf Reinforcement Mats – VMax C350 & C500. We also provide hydraulically applied solutions such as TerrAffix. We have the largest native wildflower and wetland plant nursery in the UK. Salix are the only company to manufacture coir rolls and pallets within the UK, providing a massive reduction in carbon. Salix rock products allow natural sediment accretion and vegetation establishment, unlike harder solutions such as rock armour or gabions. CONTRACTING Salix’s contracting division undertake works for local authorities, public bodies, utility companies, main contractors & private clients, having been involved in a diverse range of projects across the UK. Salix has unrivalled specialist equipment for fluvial environment, including a Mackenzie ‘Muck’ Spider excavator. The Spider has four independent legs, with the ability to access logistically challenging of sites. Salix also has long reach excavators, floating pontoons, hydroseeders and truxor available for a diverse range of specialist fluvial and intertidal activities.

    River & Coastal Flood Protection
    Contractors
    Vogelsang logo

    Vogelsang

    United Kingdom

    Vogelsang are suppliers of Rotary Lobe pumps which are typically used in the waste water treatment sector to pump raw sewage and sludges, where the dry solid content is between 6% and 15% (by weight). Their use on an anaerobic digestion facility on a sewage treatment plant is very common application. The pumps are able to pass foreign bodies, can handle on a suction lift application (with a repeated self priming requirement) and are largely insensitive to dry running. The reversibility of the lobe pumps makes them suitable for membrane applications where running the pump in reverse allows for a cleaning of the membrane. We also offer inline RotaCut macerators and XRipper twin shaft grinders / shredders which are used to protect a downstream pump. These products too are in widespread use in the UK waste water treatment sector and are bespoke specified and manufactured to suit a specific application. The XRipper is suitable for both pipework and open channel applications and as with all of our products are robust and can be easily serviced by the end user without the need to remove it from site, ensuring the whole-of-life cost of ownership is minimised. We operate out of a facility in Crewe in Cheshire that has a comprehensive spares parts store. The company can provide both a field service and repair workshop service.

    Networks - Sewerage
    Western Carbons Ltd logo

    Western Carbons Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Western Carbons is the leading producer of anthracite filter media in the UK. All our products are produced and certificated to the DIN and European standards and our quality control is audited to ISO 9001:2000. As a company we provide a total filter servicing package which includes: Filter investigations Filter media testing Filter media supply and installation Filter refurbishments, RGF’s, slow sand filters and pressure filters Monolithic floor design and construction Filter media washing Wastewater filter refurbishment Western Carbons have developed an in-house filter media pumping system which provides a clean, quick and economical method of filter media installation. If required, we can recycle the water used for the installation of the filter media. By eliminating, in many cases, the need to transport the media in bulk plastic bags we provide a means of actually reducing our carbon footprint, not just saying that this is our intent.

    Treatment Process Technologies

    Water Filtration Systems: Rapid Gravity, Pressure, Slow Sand, and Membrane Filter Selection

    Water filtration systems remove particulate matter, microorganisms, and dissolved contaminants from water through physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms. Primary filtration types for drinking water: (1) Rapid gravity filters (RGF): open-top concrete or steel filter beds with dual media (anthracite 1.0 to 1.4 mm / silica sand 0.5 to 0.85 mm) or multimedia (anthracite / sand / garnet); filtration rate 5 to 15 m/h; operated at constant head, declining rate, or declining rate with declining head; backwash cycle every 24 to 72 hours (air scour 15 to 30 m3/m2/h for 3 to 10 minutes, followed by upflow water backwash 30 to 45 m3/m2/h for 5 to 15 minutes); backwash water volume typically 2 to 4 percent of throughput; settled effluent turbidity less than 2 NTU in; filter effluent target less than 0.2 NTU. (2) Pressure filters: enclosed pressure vessels with granular media; same media and backwash as RGF; operating pressure 1 to 7 bar; used where head is available (downstream of elevated source) or where enclosed system is required (chemically dosed filter aid); common for industrial and package water treatment plants. (3) Cartridge and bag filters: polymer fibre or membrane cartridges (5 to 50 micron); point-of-use or pre-treatment for membrane systems; disposable or cleanable; typical 2 to 10 bar differential across life.

    Slow sand filtration (SSF): the original drinking water treatment process (Altona, Germany 1892; London filters from 1829). SSF design per BS EN 1988-1:2019: loading rate 0.1 to 0.3 m/h; sand size 0.15 to 0.30 mm; bed depth 0.8 to 1.2 m; underdrain and supernatant water. The Schmutzdecke biological layer (5 to 30 mm at sand surface) is the key treatment mechanism: composed of algae, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and organic detritus; removes turbidity to less than 1 NTU from feeds less than 10 NTU; 3 to 4 log bacteria reduction; 2 to 4 log Cryptosporidium; some NOM removal. Maintenance: when head loss increases to maximum (typically 0.5 to 1.5 m) and flow can no longer be maintained, the Schmutzdecke is scraped off (5 to 20 mm) and the filter restarted; Schmutzdecke re-establishes in 2 to 4 weeks (ripening period of reduced performance); frequency: every 1 to 5 years depending on source water quality. Advantages: no chemical addition; low energy; long service life (sand lasts 10 to 20+ years before replacement); biologically removes NOM. Disadvantages: large land requirement (10 to 30 times footprint of RGF for equivalent flow); poor performance at turbidity greater than 10 NTU (requires pre-sedimentation); slow response to source water quality changes.

    Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration combines granular activated carbon (GAC) with biological activity for simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation of organic compounds. BAC is used as a tertiary polishing step after ozonation in advanced drinking water treatment: ozone oxidises NOM into smaller biodegradable molecules (biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, BDOC); biological community on GAC surface mineralises BDOC. GAC specification: iodine number 800 to 1,200 mg/g (indicator of micropore volume); BET surface area 800 to 1,200 m2/g; particle size 0.8 to 1.6 mm; hardness greater than 75 percent (CTC - Carbon Tetrachloride Activity). Empty bed contact time (EBCT): 10 to 20 minutes for GAC; after 18 to 36 months, GAC capacity exhausted (breakthrough of adsorbable micropollutants); regeneration at 800 to 900 degrees C or replacement. European drinking water BAC examples: Amsterdam Water Supply, Veolia Paris-area plants, German Waterworks (DVGW W 217 standard for BAC). Membrane filtration (MF, UF, NF, RO) provides absolute barrier filtration without backwash-to-drain requirements for MF/UF (backwash water recovered to head of works); NF and RO remove dissolved solids and organic molecules.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the best water filtration system for drinking water?

    Best filtration system selection depends on source water type, treatment objectives, scale, and budget: Surface water (rivers, reservoirs): coagulation + sedimentation/DAF + rapid gravity filtration (RGF) + disinfection - the standard UK water treatment process; achieves WHO/DWI compliance for all conventional parameters. For Cryptosporidium control: UF membrane or RGF following coagulation/DAF provides greater than 4 log removal credit. High-colour/NOM source: ozone + biological activated carbon (BAC) added after RGF for micropollutant and colour control; increases CAPEX and OPEX but achieves very low DOC effluent (less than 2 mg/L). Groundwater (low turbidity, potential for nitrate/arsenic/iron): typically less treatment required; iron and manganese removal by aeration + pressure filter; nitrate removal by ion exchange or biological denitrification if above 50 mg/L NO3-. Brackish or seawater: NF (nanofiltration, 200 to 2,000 mg/L TDS removal) or BWRO/SWRO for desalination. Small-scale (point of entry, 10 to 100 m3/day): package plant (Xylem, Grundfos, Nijhuis, Smith and Loveless) combining coagulation, DAF/clarification, pressure filtration, UV, and chlorination in a pre-engineered containerised unit - reduces design, installation, and commissioning time vs bespoke design.

    How often do water filters need to be replaced or backwashed?

    Filter maintenance frequencies depend on type: Rapid gravity filters (RGF): backwash every 24 to 72 hours (triggered by head loss, turbidity breakthrough, or time - typically 48-hour cycle in UK surface water works); backwash duration 20 to 45 minutes total; no media replacement until deterioration evident (typically 15 to 25 years for anthracite; 25+ years for silica sand). Pressure filters (industrial): backwash every 24 to 48 hours; 1 to 3 percent of product water used for backwash; media replacement at loss of 30 percent original bed depth due to attrition (typically 5 to 15 years). Slow sand filters: rescraping (Schmutzdecke removal) every 1 to 5 years; full sand replacement every 20 to 30 years. GAC/BAC filters: no backwash required (unlike sand/anthracite); media replacement when breakthrough of target compound (NOM, micropollutants) is detected by monitoring - typically every 18 to 36 months at 15 to 20 minutes EBCT. Cartridge filters (point-of-use, pre-RO): replace every 3 to 12 months depending on turbidity loading and cartridge type; differential pressure greater than 1.5 to 2 bar indicates replacement needed. Membrane UF/MF: no media replacement; CEB every 1 to 24 hours; CIP every 1 to 12 months; membrane replacement at 5 to 10 years.

    What is the difference between sand filtration and membrane filtration?

    Sand filtration and membrane filtration both remove suspended solids but differ fundamentally in mechanism and performance: Sand filtration (conventional granular media): physical-mechanical process (straining, sedimentation in pores, adsorption on grain surfaces); pore size variable (100 to 1,000 micron, depending on media size); turbidity removal: 90 to 99 percent (from less than 10 NTU to less than 0.1 to 0.5 NTU); Cryptosporidium removal: 1 to 2 log (not an absolute barrier - oocysts can pass through filter during breakthrough or if flow too high); requires coagulation for effective NOM and colloidal removal; backwash needed every 24 to 72 hours; long established technology. Membrane filtration (MF, UF): size exclusion barrier; pore size fixed (MF 0.1 to 1 micron; UF 0.01 to 0.1 micron); turbidity removal: greater than 99.9 percent (effluent consistently less than 0.1 NTU regardless of feed); Cryptosporidium removal: greater than 4 log absolute barrier (when integrity is maintained and verified by pressure decay testing); no coagulation required for turbidity removal (coagulation still beneficial for NOM removal); chemical cleaning needed, no media replacement; higher CAPEX (approximately 20 to 50 percent more than equivalent RGF) but lower land area (5 to 10 times smaller footprint). US EPA LT2ESWTR awards Cryptosporidium log removal credit only to membranes with demonstrated integrity, not to conventional sand filtration.

    Can water filtration remove nitrates?

    Conventional granular media filtration (sand, anthracite) does NOT remove nitrates - nitrate is a dissolved anion that passes freely through physical filtration media. Nitrate removal requires one of the following specialised processes: (1) Ion exchange (nitrate-selective resin): strong base anion resin (e.g. Purolite A520E, Lanxess Lewatit MonoPlus M 500, nitrate-selective resins prefer NO3- over SO4-2); regeneration with NaCl brine produces nitrate-concentrated reject requiring disposal; achieves less than 50 mg/L NO3- (UK/EU DWD standard) from feeds of 50 to 200 mg/L; (2) Biological denitrification (BAC or fluidised bed): heterotrophic bacteria (Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas) reduce NO3- to N2 gas using organic carbon (methanol, ethanol, acetic acid) as electron donor at 0.5 to 2.5 mg CH3OH per mg NO3--N; achieves less than 10 mg/L NO3--N; followed by post-biological filtration and disinfection to remove bacteria; (3) Membrane processes (NF, RO): NF reject nitrate along with divalent ions (partial removal 50 to 85 percent); RO greater than 95 percent nitrate rejection; brine disposal required; (4) Blending: high-nitrate groundwater blended with low-nitrate source to achieve compliance below 50 mg/L NO3- - not a treatment process but a common management strategy. UK: DWI standard 50 mg/L NO3- (11.3 mg/L as N) aligns with EU DWD.

    Case Study·Drinking water supply, South East England
    Challenge

    A chalk groundwater source serving 62,000 people in a commuter town had persistent turbidity exceedances (greater than 4 NTU at consumer tap) after periods of heavy rainfall, caused by turbidity pulses entering the borehole field from an unlined chalk surface pathway. The existing pressure filtration plant (dual media, 1980s) had a design loading of 10 m/h and showed turbidity breakthrough of 0.4 to 0.8 NTU in filtered water during events, with no Cryptosporidium barrier in place.

    Approach

    A 24 MLD upgrade replaced the existing pressure filters with a Veolia Actiflo ballasted flocculation unit followed by four PVDF ultrafiltration membrane trains (Toray HFU-2020, 0.01 micron nominal pore size). UF provided a DWI-credited 4-log Cryptosporidium barrier, validated to DVGW W 294. Pressure decay testing every six hours verified membrane integrity. Post-UF sodium hypochlorite dosing (0.6 mg/L free chlorine at works outlet) and UV disinfection (Trojan UV Swift, 40 mJ/cm2) completed the treatment train.

    Outcome

    Filtered water turbidity fell to consistently below 0.05 NTU (previously 0.1 to 0.8 NTU). DWI issued a formal 4-log Cryptosporidium credit for the site. No turbidity exceedances have been recorded at consumer tap in the two years post-commissioning. The site achieved DWI Undertaking closure 14 months ahead of schedule.

    Questions to Ask Shortlisted Providers

    1. 1

      What is the validated log removal credit for Cryptosporidium for this filtration system, and to which standard was it validated?

      DWI requires validated log removal evidence (DVGW W 294 or USEPA UVDGM); unvalidated systems may not be accepted as a Cryptosporidium barrier by DWI even if turbidity performance is good.

    2. 2

      What is the backwash water volume as a percentage of throughput, and where does the wash water go?

      Backwash water is typically 2 to 5 percent of product; sites without a wash water recovery system must either return it to the works (head loadings implications) or dispose to sewer (EA permit and cost implications).

    3. 3

      What membrane integrity testing method is used, and what is the minimum detectable breach size?

      Pressure decay testing (PDT) detects breaches of approximately 3 micron and above; smaller breach detection requires diffusive airflow (DAF) testing; without integrity testing, membrane log-removal claims cannot be validated.

    4. 4

      How does filter performance degrade with media ageing, and what is the recommended media replacement interval?

      Anthracite loses 5 to 15 percent of bed depth over 15 to 20 years through attrition; understanding degradation rates allows proactive maintenance budgeting and avoids compliance failures.

    5. 5

      Can you provide site references for this exact equipment at comparable source water UVT and turbidity conditions?

      Filter performance is highly site-specific; references at similar UVT (a key membrane and UV system design parameter) prove the vendor's claims under comparable operating conditions.

    What Drives Cost in This Category

    Filtration technology type (sand vs membrane)

    Rapid gravity sand filtration costs GBP 300 to 600 per m3/day capacity; UF membranes cost GBP 500 to 900 per m3/day; membranes add Cryptosporidium credit that sand cannot provide, potentially avoiding a separate barrier.

    Media type and volume

    Anthracite costs GBP 600 to 900 per tonne; garnet (for multi-media) GBP 400 to 700 per tonne; GAC for biological filtration GBP 1,000 to 2,500 per tonne; initial media fill for a 10 m2 RGF at 1.0 m depth: approximately 15 to 20 tonnes.

    Backwash system design and water cost

    Air-scour backwash uses 15 to 30 m3/m2/h compressed air; water backwash at 30 to 45 m3/m2/h; for a 100 m3/day works, backwash water can represent 2 to 5 percent of total throughput, adding to operating cost.

    Regulatory validation and DWI approval

    Obtaining DWI validation for a new process (pilot study, biodosimetry testing, regulatory submission) costs GBP 80,000 to 300,000; established validated systems from approved suppliers avoid most of this cost.

    Key Regulations & Standards

    Cryptosporidium in Water Supplies Regs 1999

    The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/1524): water companies must continuously monitor water leaving surface water treatment works for Cryptosporidium; works must use a DWI-approved barrier achieving at least 3-log oocyst reduction.

    WS(WQ)R 2016 Turbidity Standard

    Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016 (England), Schedule 1: turbidity at the consumer tap must not exceed 4 NTU; the DWI's operational guideline for filtered water at the works is less than 0.5 NTU, with a target of less than 0.1 NTU for membrane filtration.

    DVGW W 294 Membrane Validation

    German technical standard for UV disinfection (Parts 1 to 3) and membrane filtration validation; adopted as the primary European standard for DWI-accepted validation of membrane and UV systems providing Cryptosporidium log-removal credit in UK drinking water.

    DWI Regulation 31 Approval

    All materials, chemicals, and processes used in drinking water treatment require DWI Regulation 31 approval; this includes membrane modules (confirmed using BS 6920 extraction test), coagulant chemicals, and filter media in contact with potable water.