The vetted network

    Water treatment solution providers, shortlisted.

    Explore water treatment equipment and solution providers in Aguato's ecosystem. Filter by geography, sector, and technology, then request proposals.

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    Showing 1-20 of 232

    NM

    NSI Mobile Water Solutions

    United Kingdom
    Reverse osmosis systems ยท Ultrafiltration systems ยท Deionization and softening systems +2 more
    Europe

    NSI Mobile Water Solutions is a provider of adaptable mobile and rental water and wastewater treatment systems, headquartered in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom, and operating as part of Nijhuis Saur Industries within the SAUR Group. The company delivers temporary and long-term treatment capacity to industrial sites without requiring fixed infrastructure investment, supporting needs from 24/7 emergency response to multi-year contracts. With over 25 years of experience, NSI specializes in containerized, trailer-mounted, and skid-based plant that can be deployed rapidly across manufacturing, power, and process industries.

    24/7 emergency mobile water response
    Planned short-term and multi-year water rental services
    Exchangeable deionized water cylinder supply
    +2 more
    Arvia Technology logo

    Arvia Technology

    United Kingdom
    Nyex Rosalox ยท Nyex Ellenox ยท Nyex Florenox +2 more
    Europe

    Arvia Technology, based in Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, builds advanced tertiary wastewater systems that combine adsorption with electrochemical oxidation to remove persistent organics from industrial effluent. Its patented Nyex media platform (Rosalox, Ellenox, Florenox) targets color removal, micropollutants, COD reduction, pesticides and active pharmaceutical ingredients, enabling industrial water reuse and zero liquid discharge across pharma, textiles, agrochemical and semiconductor sectors. Services include treatability trials and plant hire.

    Treatability trials
    Wastewater plant hire
    Engineering assessments
    +2 more
    RS Hydro logo

    RS Hydro

    United Kingdom
    Online water quality analyzers ยท Ultrasonic flow measurement ยท IoT dataloggers +2 more
    Europe

    RS Hydro, founded in 1997 and based in Redditch, England, supplies water quality monitoring and measurement solutions for environmental, process, and industrial applications. It provides online water quality monitors, ultrasonic and clamp-on flow meters, level sensors, groundwater sampling equipment, and telemetry. RS Hydro builds cloud-connected, IoT-enabled sensor networks and remote sampling systems including drone-mounted probes for continuous monitoring of rivers, discharge points, and process streams.

    Water quality monitoring equipment supply
    Remote sampling systems
    Flow and level measurement
    +2 more
    M

    Membracon

    United Kingdom
    Membrane bioreactors ยท Reverse osmosis ยท Ultrafiltration +2 more
    Europe

    Membracon is a water treatment engineering firm based in Wolverhampton, England, that designs and builds membrane based systems for industrial clients. The company specializes in replacing chemical processes with membrane technology to cut hazardous additives and waste. Its work covers effluent treatment, water recycling and reclamation, pure water production, and desalination, supported by ongoing service, maintenance, and consultation.

    Design and build of water treatment systems
    Effluent treatment
    Water recycling and reclamation
    +2 more
    AG

    Anthesis Group

    United Kingdom
    Basin data analysis for facility water targets ยท Inland waters valuation using ecosystem services ยท Marine water quality studies and monitoring +1 more
    Europe

    Anthesis Group is a sustainability consultancy founded in 2013 and headquartered in London, United Kingdom, with over 1,500 people across more than 40 offices in 22 countries. The company helps businesses develop water stewardship practices that promote the equitable and sustainable management of water resources, strengthening operational continuity, protecting their license to operate, and reducing water-related risk across their value chains.

    Water footprinting and accounting
    Value chain water risk assessment
    Stakeholder engagement and supplier surveys
    +1 more
    Accepta logo

    Accepta

    United Kingdom
    Chlorine dioxide generation systems ยท Chemical dosing pumps and control ยท Water softeners and demineralizers +3 more
    Europe

    Accepta is a UK-based manufacturer and supplier of speciality water treatment chemicals, dosage equipment, test kits and laboratory services. Their products protect water systems including boilers, cooling systems, HVAC, drinking water, reverse osmosis and wastewater applications across commercial and industrial markets.

    Water treatment chemical supply
    Laboratory analysis (microbiology chemistry metals)
    Custom chemical manufacturing and toll blending
    +3 more
    FT Pipeline Systems logo

    FT Pipeline Systems

    United Kingdom

    FT Pipeline Systems supplies a large range of steel water pipes which have been developed to meet both customer requirements and the necessary regulations within the water industry. The Steel Pipe Experts With a choice of cement mortar, cement mortar with seal coat or epoxy internal linings, our plastic coated steel water pipes are available in an extensive range of diameters (from 80mm to 3000mm) and joint types (socket weld, butt weld, tyton push-fit connections and the FT โ€˜Eโ€™ joint). The superior specification and extended design life makes these pipes first choice for contaminated and aggressive ground conditions. Marketed alongside the steel water pipes are the high quality heat shrink sleeves (Canusa jointing sleeves), which form a permanently bonded watertight seal on all diameters of pipe. Their flexibility ensures perfect seals on straight runs, junctions and bends. Undertaking complete project management, the FT Group has successfully analysed requirements for complex projects, negotiated excellent pricing, managed logistics and supply efficiently, and been responsible for full QA checks on-site and the provision of contractor documentation that details all aspects of supply and installation. We provide on-site support throughout the delivery and initial installation phase, which includes heat shrink sleeve training and general problem solving throughout the process. For further information, please refer to our website www.ftpipelinesystems.co.uk. FT Pipelines is certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001

    Networks - Sewerage
    ProEconomy Ltd. logo

    ProEconomy Ltd.

    United Kingdom51-200 employees
    Europe

    ProEconomy Ltd. specializes in providing advanced water treatment technologies and equipment, focusing on filtration and purification solutions for various industries, including construction, manufacturing, and utilities, across Europe.

    Microfiltration (MF)
    Ultrafiltration (UF)
    Construction and Installation
    Construction and Real Estate
    Manufacturing
    FP McCann Ltd logo

    FP McCann Ltd

    United Kingdom

    With sixteen divisions and twelve manufacturing plants, FP McCann is the UKโ€™s largest precast concrete manufacture. They provide an extensive range of precast concrete solutions, including drainage, tanks, tunnels and shafts, rail, power and infrastructure, filter bed systems, walling, fencing, agricultural, architectural and structural building solutions, flooring, dock leveller pits and specialist precast products. McCann will customise their solutions to ensure they create maximum value for your project, accommodating your site conditions, design requirements and construction needs. The quality and reliability of McCannโ€™s products and services are the foundation of their success. They are constantly developing and improving their solutions, whilst striving to exceed their customersโ€™ expectations. McCannโ€™s extensive range of precast drainage products include pipes, wide wall/manhole chambers/soakways, cover slabs, gullies, headwalls, box culverts, fall arrest systems, house inspection chambers, catchpits, flow control and valve chambers, hydrodynamic separators, rain harvesting systems etc. They also provide bespoke multipurpose tank chambers and panel systems. The geographical spread of their twelve modern precast manufacturing plants, coupled with their ability to deliver to their clientsโ€™ specifications on major projects across the UK and Ireland, has established McCann as a valuable and reliable partner. At McCann, they promise to build strong, sustainable relationships with their stakeholders. By implementing their corporate values, they aim to deliver on this guarantee through their products, services, communications and, above all, the behaviour of their people. They recognise the importance of operating with integrity and apply high standards of corporate governance in the conduct of their business.

    Precast Concrete
    SAVECO Environmental Limited logo

    SAVECO Environmental Limited

    United Kingdom

    SAVECO Environmental Limited is a member of the globally operating WAMGROUP โ€“ market leaders in bulk materials handling since 1968. SAVECO provides state-of-the-art solutions to customers in the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland, providing a comprehensive product range of machines and equipment designed for effluent pre-treatment and sludge treatment in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, as well as livestock farming and biogas plants. Delivering innovative, market-oriented, and industrially manufactured products, SAVECO has a proven track record of success โ€“ working on major projects with Tier 1 & 2 Contractors as well as leading water utilities. SAVECO is determined to supply the most comprehensive range of equipment available to deliver a one-stop solution to its customers. SAVECO assures customers in any place in the world the highest possible quality product and service at a fair price.

    Accreditations
    P&I Generators Ltd logo

    P&I Generators Ltd

    United Kingdom

    P & I are a friendly, family-run business that specialises in critical power solutions. Founded in 1999, the company has grown to become a leading independent supplier of generators and UPS systems with a genuine commitment to quality and service. We ensure that even in the toughest of environments, you can trust that your power is protected. Depending on your needs, we offer the full end-to-end service including design, project management, installation, commissioning and dedicated service support. Generator Service & Maintenance: Our service contracts are aimed to give you peace of mind so you know that in the event of a power outage, you can rely on your critical power equipment. UPS Service & Maintenance: We offer a comprehensive and cost-effective range of service plans to ensure all parts of your UPS system remain fully functional and at optimal performance. Control Systems Services: We aim to make your solution fit both your current and future needs with bespoke design systems to meet your exact requirements. Critical Power Hardware: P&I have grown to become a leading independent supplier of generators and UPS systems. We work with the likes of Salicru and Riello. Projects: Our experienced project management team can support every stage of your project from start to finish. Let us do the leg work whilst you focus on your commitments. Hire: Our fleet includes 8 kVA to multi-megawatt generators, 100Kw to 2MW mobile load banks, together with many other hire solutions. Introducing the new Clean Power Industrial Range: Design, project management, installation, commissioning and dedicated service support for your critical power needs.

    Programme Management
    Designers
    Frontier Pitts Ltd logo

    Frontier Pitts Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Frontier Pitts is the British manufacturer of high security perimeter equipment solutions. Our large portfolio of products, comprehensive range of services and extensive Research and Development program and integrated turnkey solutions ensures that Frontier Pitts can meet the requirements of any high security application, whilst remaining at the forefront of design and technology. Frontier Pitts is the British manufacturer of Security Gates, Automatic Barriers, Roadblockers, Rising & Static Bollards, Pedestrian Control Gates & Turnstiles, and the Anti Terra Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) range which has been successfully IWA14 & PAS68 impact tested. Frontier Pitts is more than a manufacturer, with the ability to provide a complete range of services including design, site surveys, manufacture, installation, civil and electrical services, maintenance, spares, repair or refurbishment and full project management. As both the manufacturer and supplier we feel that maintenance is an integral part of your equipment. Our range of Maintenance Contracts are designed to suit individual site requirements and include response times of just 4 hours. Accreditations include ISO 9001, Secured by Design, CHAS and Safe Contractor. As one of the founding members of the PSSA (Perimeter Security Suppliers Association), Frontier Pitts was one of the first members to volunteer themselves to be audited by the trade association, applying to meet the new product verification scheme. The PSSA Verification recognises Frontier Pitts promise to provide our clients with the high end quality product and a fully comprehensive customer service package. Our products secure some prestigious sites internationally and in the UK including the Houses of Parliament and we provided Terra equipment for the London 2012 Olympics. Within the Water Industry, our equipment protects Thames Barriers, Dartford Creek, and various other sites nationally for Thames Water, Bristol Water and Anglian Water to name a few.

    Security Solutions
    Water Engineering Services Ltd logo

    Water Engineering Services Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Water Engineering Services Ltd is tailored to provide a full turnkey solution to fulfil clientsโ€™ needs. ย  The team brings extensive knowledge of working within the wider water industry and other similar industries e.g. commercial, industrial, petrochemical and pharmaceutical. We recognise the benefits and challenges incorporating innovation into a project noting innovation can be new technology or working methodology. With our experiences working outside the Water Industry and with a wide range of Delivery Partners, WES Ltd look to bring innovation and best practices into all their projects to ensure the best project completion is achieved for all parties. WES Ltd considers Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodologies during the Design phase on all projects and having the Fabrication arm of the business allows for DfMA concepts to be realised, as well as providing bespoke solutions for end clients or other suppliers. Water Engineering Services consists of 3 in house areas of business: DESIGN: Our in-house design department specialises in mechanical & electrical designs but has very strong ties with Delivery Partners to also offer structural, civil, hydraulic and system integration. Our design team cover all aspects of a project from feasibility studies and optioneering to fabrication and construction drawings. ON-SITE INSTALLATION & COMMISSIONING: Our WES Ltd installation team, constructs, commissions, and optimises a project regardless of scale and complexity. This is achieved by utilising the experienced in-house mechanical & electrical team or managing a Delivery Partner or specialist contractor. Our Project Managers, Site Managers/ Supervisors, Design and CAD Engineers, Commissioning Engineers, Electrical and mechanical Site operatives all have up to date industry competency training and certification. All our electrical work will be fully tested CompEX and NICEIC certified. FABRICATION: With our 15,000 square foot workshop, offering stainless and mild steel fabrication to BSEN 1090 Execution class 2 and WRAS approval. ACCREDITATIONS WES Ltd is accredited with: ISO 9001 (Quality Management Systems) 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) 45001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems) EN 1090 Ex Class 2 SafeContractor SafePQQ-PAS91 CHAS CHAS Advanced-PAS91 Achilles UVDB Silver + ISO 26000 (working towards) WES Ltd internal systems also conform to ISO 19650 (Information Management โ€“ BIM) and allow for integration into a clientโ€™s internal system e.g., ProjectWise.

    Networks - Water Supply
    Contractors
    Aerzen Machines logo

    Aerzen Machines

    United Kingdom

    Established in 1864, Aerzen are an International market leader supplying Roots type blowers, screw blowers, screw compressors and Turbo blowers for water and waste water applications. Aerzen have extensive experience in aeration, RGF filter scour and digester/landfill gas positive displacement to the Water Industry. To this end they currently hold Supply Frameworks with many UK Water providers and have supplied all other UK and Irish Water Companies over many years.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Spray Nozzle People logo

    Spray Nozzle People

    United Kingdom

    Suppliers of spray systems and solutions, including the StormBlasterโ„ข stormwater attenuation tank cleaning system, the ScreenBlaster CSO screen cleaning head and specialised spray solutions for odour control, foam suppression and other water and wastewater applications. There are many applications for spray nozzles and systems within the water and wastewater treatment sector. SNP have worked on projects for most of the main water suppliers in the UK & Ireland as well as with many in Europe and beyond. We have listed some key applications for spray nozzles below. For a full list of applications and for further details on key applications, follow the menu to the right. Cleaning systems The United Kingdomโ€™s water industry is poised for its most ambitious transformation yet under the AMP8 (Asset Management Period 8) investment cycle, which runs from 2025 to 2030. Backed by an unprecedented ยฃ108 billion investment, the largest in the sectorโ€™s history, AMP8 is focused not only on maintaining and upgrading ageing infrastructure but also on addressing growing environmental and regulatory challenges. A significant ยฃ11 billion of this total has been earmarked specifically for stormwater and sewage spill mitigation, reflecting mounting pressure from regulators, the public, and environmental groups to curb pollution in rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. At the heart of this environmental push lies the urgent need for more stormwater retention tanks and combined sewage overflow (CSO) systems. It is estimated that some 2,000 such systems will need to be updated, refurbished or built in the AMP round of funding. This stormwater management infrastructure is vital if the target of reducing spills and sewage discharges into waterways by 44% is to be met. Much of this new infrastructure will require specialised cleaning systems. Storm water attenuation tanks can cause serious smell pollution if left improperly cleaned after usage. The StormBlaster tank cleaning system is a more effective alternative to tipping buckets, swirl eductors and manual entry cleaning. Screen cleaning Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) are a key feature of combined sewer systems, where rainwater and wastewater share the same pipework. During heavy rainfall, these systems can become overwhelmed without proper control measures. CSO chambers manage excess flows by allowing water levels to rise and diverting surplus into overflow pipes. A crucial component of CSOs is the screening system, which traps solids and keeps them within the sewer network. This prevents solid waste from entering local waterways and protects the environment. Foam control The formation of a stable foam in the water treatment process is a common problem. Foam can occur in aeration tanks, anaerobic digesters or secondary clarifiers. Foam is undesirable because it can overflow vessels, create slippery and unsafe working conditions, interfere with processing, damage materials, and cause tanks to drain and dry slowly. Controlling foam can be accomplished by spraying liquid onto the pool, vessel, or reservoirโ€™s surface and allowing the sprayโ€™s droplets to impact the foam bubbles, causing them to break. Spray nozzle arrays positioned above fluid level can be used to knock back the foam and keep it under control. Odour control The use of sprays to knock down and neutralise odour is a common application for our spray nozzles. Nozzles are either used to directly treat odour particles in the air or as part of scrubber systems.

    Treatment Process Technologies
    Accreditations
    APL Construction Ltd logo

    APL Construction Ltd

    United Kingdom

    APL Construction was incorporated in February 2011 by Aidan Langan. The company headquarters are in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. APL Construction currently employs about 40 members of staff. The company turnover for 2023 was just over ยฃ5m. APL work mainly on Scottish Water projects however we have also carried out works on Severn Trent and Northumbrian Water projects. APL are capable in both water and wastewater sectors and carry out all the aspects of civil engineering required in these fields. The company continues to grow year on year and invests heavily each year on staff training, premises, fleet, plant, and equipment. The company currently has over ยฃ1m worth of owned plant at its disposal. Capabilities include: Cofferdams Deep drainage Concrete structures Groundworks Rising mains Butt fusion Pressure testing Ductile installations Ducting Cable laying Roadways Hard landscaping Additional information can be found on our website.

    Networks - Sewerage
    Accreditations
    SMR Projects Ltd โ€“ Xypex UK Distribution logo

    SMR Projects Ltd โ€“ Xypex UK Distribution

    United Kingdom

    Xypex is a non-toxic chemical treatment for the waterproofing and protection of concrete. Its primary and most distinguishing performance feature is its unique ability to generate a non-soluble crystalline formation deep within the pores and capillary tracts of the concrete; a crystalline structure that permanently seals the concrete against the penetration of water and other liquids from any direction. Xypex Crystalline Technology was developed in Vancouver in 1969. Since then, in both hemispheres, in every climatic challenge, and in widely varying construction situations, the technology has been tested and proven. In more than 90 countries, the proprietary crystalline waterproofing products of Xypex Chemical Corporation are stocked, sold and supported by a worldwide network of distributors and licensees such as SMR Projects Ltd. It has been over 50 years since Xypex Chemical Corporation first coined the phrase โ€œConcrete Waterproofing by Crystallizationโ€, a statement and concept that represented a radical departure from traditional surface-reliant barrier products of the day. Pursuing an entirely new path, Xypex developed a unique technology that takes advantage of the natural and porous characteristics of concrete. With water as the catalyst, Xypexโ€™s proprietary chemicals react with the natural by-products of cement hydration (calcium hydroxide, mineral salts, mineral oxides, and un-hydrated and partially hydrated cement particles), forming a non- soluble crystalline structure within the interconnected pores and other voids in concrete. In this way, the crystalline structure becomes a permanent, integral part of the concrete matrix itself, preventing the ingress of water and other liquids even under strong hydrostatic pressure, and providing protection against harsh, aggressive environments. Since the introduction of Xypex, tens of thousands of concrete structures around the world have been waterproofed and protected with this unique crystalline technology and, over the years, extensive research, testing and performance success have furthered the awareness, understanding and confidence in Xypex, earning both the technology and the company an enviable reputation as the world standard in crystalline waterproofing. Using the high-power imaging capability of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), we display visual evidence that clearly differentiates Xypex from all other products in the waterproofing admixtures category. SEM is a technique whereby a precise photographic image of a microstructure is produced by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Extremely high degrees of magnification can be attained and, at x500 magnification, Xypex crystalline formations at work can be seen. Our SEM images show conclusively that the many and varied Xypex non- soluble crystalline structures formed within the concrete are unique, and truly have โ€œโ€ฆ NO EQUAL.โ€

    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Dam Maintenance & Repair
    Kaymac Marine & Civil Engineering Ltd logo

    Kaymac Marine & Civil Engineering Ltd

    United Kingdom

    Kaymac Marine & Civil Engineering Ltd is a multi-award-winning specialist contractor with a proven track record in delivering complex water infrastructure projects across the UK.

    Mapping & Modelling
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    AE Yates Group logo

    AE Yates Group

    United Kingdom

    Established in 1870, AE Yates is a progressive civil engineering contractor with an enviable track record of successfully delivering technically demanding high quality works to the complete satisfaction of a wide variety of public and private customers. An Integrated Construction Company A E Yates has grown to be an integrated construction company with a turnover of ยฃ50m, employing over 170 managerial, professional, technical and operational staff. Our company headquarters, based in Bolton, are strategically located to serve and communicate with clients throughout the United Kingdom with immediate access to road, rail and air transport facilities. We also have an operating base in Sheffield. AE Yates Group The group companies add value for customers not just in their specialism. When working together they can offer an integrated service through resource sharing and joint management of activities. Operational interfaces are removed eliminating potential co-ordination, management and programming issues for customers. AE Yates Civil Engineering Ltd AE Yates Directional Drilling Combined Soil Stabilisation Side Grip Piling SPI Piling Tritech Ground Engineering AE Yates Haulage Equipment and Skills Investment in the development of highly skilled operational teams up to date equipment has reinforced and enhanced our capability in all areas of operations. We own and operate an extensive fleet of general civil engineering and specialist plant and equipment. Experienced and Dedicated We are a highly experienced and respected civil engineering contractor operating to an Integrated Management System which is fully accredited to IS 9001:2015, ISO14001:2015 and ISO45001:2018 by BSI. We are fully committed to meeting the required standards of quality, customer care, environmental awareness, safety, health, time and cost demanded by our clients. We are fully supportive of the UK industryโ€™s drive towards Continuous Improvement, Best Value and Constructing Excellence.

    Renewables & Energy Management
    Contractors
    Stortec Engineering Ltd logo

    Stortec Engineering Ltd

    United Kingdom

    STORTEC Engineering Limited operates within the UK and worldwide water, wastewater, industrial waste and renewable energy industries.

    Project Planning & Surveying
    Asset Maintenance & Rehabilitation
    Buyer's guide

    A directory of vetted water treatment companies, built for the shortlist decision.

    Picking the wrong water treatment partner is not a small mistake. A mis-specified system locks your site into 15 or more years of the wrong OPEX, and a single emergency retrofit to correct it routinely runs $100,000 to $500,000 on a mid-size industrial plant. The defence against that cost is a wider, better-qualified field at the shortlist stage, which is exactly what this directory is built to give you.

    Aguato brings industrial water treatment companies, water treatment equipment manufacturers, wastewater treatment companies, and specialist service providers into one comparable view. Instead of ranking the same three incumbents your team already knows, you can filter the full set of water treatment suppliers by country, sector, and technology, then compare services, declared technologies, and verification status side by side. Every listing is reviewed against a quality bar before it is published, and providers who have claimed and confirmed their own details carry a verified badge, so you can weight the field on evidence rather than on who markets the loudest.

    The payoff is a defensible decision. Shortlist three to five providers that genuinely fit your duty, request scoped proposals on one specification, and you get apples-to-apples pricing your CFO can sign off without a second round of questions. Post your project and qualified providers will scope the work against your actual numbers.

    Common questions

    Frequently asked questions

    How do I compare vetted water treatment companies on Aguato?

    Filter the directory by country, sector, and technology to narrow the field, then open each provider profile to compare services, technologies served, and verification status side by side. Shortlist three to five that match your duty and request scoped proposals so you compare like for like rather than auditioning brochures.

    What should I check before shortlisting a water treatment supplier?

    Confirm the provider has delivered your specific technology at your scale, that their stated regions cover your site, and that their service scope matches what you need, supply only, EPC, or a managed water-as-a-service contract. A mismatch on any of these is where six-figure procurement mistakes start, so verify fit before you invest time in an RFP.

    How does Aguato vet water treatment equipment manufacturers and service providers?

    Every listing is reviewed against a quality bar covering company description depth, declared services and technologies, geographic coverage, and website verification before it is published. Profiles a provider has claimed and verified carry a verified badge, so you can prioritise companies that have confirmed their own details.

    Is it free to compare wastewater treatment companies and request proposals?

    Yes. Browsing the directory, filtering by region and technology, and requesting scoped proposals from shortlisted providers is free for buyers. You only commit once you accept a proposal directly with a provider, so the cost of comparing the field properly is zero.