Atmospheric Water Production Companies
Atmospheric water generation and fog-collection providers producing potable water in remote, arid, or off-grid contexts.
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Ecosystems International
VerifiedIndonesia · 51-200 employees
PT Ecosystems International (PT ESI) was established at Jakarta on 21st November 2006. We are an industrial effluent treatment systems integrator specializing in electrocoagulation (EC), a unique waste water treatment profile. PT ESI has capabilities in designing complete waste water treatment solutions by combining various effluent treatment systems such as the electro-coagulation, biological, chemical processes and membrane filtration, offering its customers a wide and comprehensive range of solutions, tailored to suit their various needs – ranging from basic effluent treatment for discharge to effluent recycling for water reuse. The Company is experienced in handling the design, engineering, procurement, construction and operation of new Effluent Treatment Plants (“ETP”) and possesses expertise in retrofitting existing ETP to increase the flow rate and treatment capability without any major infrastructure increase PT ESI is also a premier waste water treatment service company specializing in handling waste water generated from Exploration (Drilling) and Produced Water. Customers in Indonesia include major Oil & Gas companies such as Pertamina, Exxon, Chevron, Petro-China and Medco. Operations in Indonesia are provided by both mobile and fixed units. At drill sites where waste-water recycling is required, PT ESI supplement these treatment units with skid mounted mobile Reverse Osmosis systems. The technologies and solutions employed by PT ESI are developed in-house and examples of these are its proprietary Trident™ Electro Contaminant Removal (“ECR”) system, the Stage Contaminant Removal (“SCR”) process and Mobile On-Site Waste-Water Treatment (“OWT”) units
Buyer's guide
The buyer's guide to atmospheric water production
Atmospheric Water Production: Scaling from Pilot to Community Supply
Atmospheric water production aggregates AWG units into community-scale plants delivering 10,000–500,000 L/day for off-grid villages, disaster recovery zones, premium-water bottling, and emergency reserves. Dominant technology remains vapor-compression refrigeration with multi-stage heat recovery (specific energy 0.3–0.5 kWh/L at 30°C/70% RH), MOF sorbent systems for arid climates (1.5–3 kWh/L at 20–40% RH), and hybrid solar-thermal regenerative systems where waste heat is freely available. Plants are typically containerized in 20-ft or 40-ft ISO modules for rapid deployment.
Project finance models include UN/NGO disaster-response funding, host-government water-security infrastructure budgets, and private off-take agreements with premium bottlers. Tariff models range $0.05–0.20/L wholesale to bottlers and $5–20/m³ paid by utilities. Operational considerations include condensate buffer storage (12–48 h to bridge low-humidity periods), UV+ozone disinfection, calcite remineralization, and compliance with WHO Guidelines, EU DWD 2020, and ANSI/NSF 61 for materials in contact with potable water.
Sustainability claims are nuanced: AWG plants reduce groundwater abstraction but consume significant electrical energy. Net carbon footprint depends heavily on the electricity mix: solar-PV-coupled AWG can achieve below 0.5 kg CO₂/m³, versus grid AWG on coal-heavy mixes at 5–15 kg CO₂/m³. Independent LCA validation under ISO 14040/14044 is increasingly demanded by ESG-conscious buyers. Aguato lists atmospheric water production providers with deployments across Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.
Frequently asked questions
How large can an atmospheric water plant realistically scale to?
Commercial AWG plants today scale to 500,000 L/day at a single facility, built from arrays of 5,000–50,000 L/day modular units. Above this scale, energy footprint (>10 MW for 1 ML/day in arid climates) generally pushes the business case toward desalination or long-distance pipeline alternatives. The sweet spot is 10,000–100,000 L/day for remote communities and 100,000–500,000 L/day for premium bottling or emergency reserves.
What's the carbon footprint of atmospheric water production?
AWG specific energy is 0.3–3 kWh/L. At grid emission factor 400 g CO₂/kWh, this translates to 120–1,200 kg CO₂/m³. For comparison, seawater desalination is 1.5–6 kg CO₂/m³ and surface water treatment 0.1–0.5 kg CO₂/m³. AWG coupled to dedicated PV achieves below 100 kg CO₂/m³. Always demand a third-party LCA before making ESG claims.
How is condensate disinfected and remineralized at plant scale?
Standard plant post-treatment: UV at 40 mJ/cm², dosed sodium hypochlorite to 0.5–1 mg/L free chlorine residual, calcite contactor for 60–120 mg/L hardness as CaCO₃, and CO₂ dosing for pH 7.5–8.0 stabilization. Some plants add ozonation upstream of UV for emerging contaminants and to manage airborne VOC carry-over. All materials in contact with treated water must meet ANSI/NSF 61 or EU 1935/2004.
Can atmospheric water production be financed under BOO?
Yes. BOO and BOT models are common in Middle East deployments. Off-take agreements run 15 to 25 years at fixed $/m3 pricing indexed to electricity costs. Returns target 8 to 12% IRR with 30 to 40% equity and 60 to 70% project debt. Bankability depends on credible off-taker (sovereign water authority or large industrial), long-term electricity supply contract (often PPA-linked solar), and proven plant reliability data.
Illustrative scenario · Premium bottled water producer, Middle East, 200,000 L/day plant
A composite drawn from typical projects in this category, not a single client engagement. Figures are indicative.
- Challenge
- A premium beverage company wanted to market 'air-sourced' water at a desert resort where mains water was unavailable and tanker logistics added GBP 0.85/bottle. Average relative humidity at the site was 55% at 34 degrees C, below optimal AWG conditions.
- Approach
- A hybrid sorbent-regeneration AWG system with dedicated 800 kWp solar PV and 1.2 MWh battery storage was installed. The system was engineered for 55% RH operation with pre-cooling air intake, achieving 180,000 to 220,000 L/day depending on season. Post-treatment included ozonation, calcite remineralisation, and bottling-grade 0.2 micron final filtration.
- Outcome
- Water cost at production was $11/m3, versus $22/m3 for trucked alternatives. The 'air-to-water' branding supported a GBP 3.50 retail price. The plant avoided 840 tanker journeys per year and reduced resort Scope 3 water emissions by 78%.
Questions to ask shortlisted providers
5
- 01
What is your demonstrated specific energy consumption per litre at 55% and 70% RH across 12 months of operation?
Sorbent AWG vendors routinely quote optimal-condition figures. Seasonal variation in energy and yield at real site conditions determines actual economics and financial viability.
- 02
What buffer storage volume do you recommend for a 24-hour low-humidity event?
AWG yield drops sharply in desert nights or seasonal dry periods. Sizing storage to bridge 24 to 48 hours at minimum yield prevents supply interruption to downstream bottling or community offtake.
- 03
How is the LCA independently verified, and what emission factor do you apply to solar electricity generation?
AWG environmental claims (low carbon, low water abstraction) are only credible with third-party ISO 14040-aligned LCA. Self-declared green claims without independent audit are a regulatory and reputational risk.
- 04
What is your SCADA integration capability for remote performance monitoring and predictive maintenance?
Remote AWG plants in arid or humanitarian deployments require remote diagnostics to avoid costly site visits. Vendors without cloud monitoring shift all downtime risk to the operator.
- 05
What is your track record with the specific sorbent material regeneration cycles at scale, and what is the sorbent replacement interval and cost?
Sorbent materials degrade over regeneration cycles. Replacement frequency and cost can represent 20 to 40% of total O&M spend and is frequently underestimated in vendor proposals.
What drives cost in this category
4
- Ambient humidity and solar radiation profile driving sorbent vs. refrigeration technology choice
- Sorbent AWG at 30 to 55% RH costs 1.5 to 3 kWh/L versus 0.3 to 0.6 kWh/L for refrigeration at 65 to 80% RH, tripling electricity cost per litre in arid climates.
- PV and battery system sizing for off-grid operation
- A 200,000 L/day AWG plant in a desert location may require 600 to 1,000 kWp solar and 1 to 2 MWh storage, adding GBP 600K to GBP 1.2M to capital cost on top of AWG equipment.
- Post-treatment specification for target end use (drinking vs. bottling vs. industrial)
- Bottling-grade post-treatment (ozone, 0.2 micron filtration, nitrogen sparging) adds 20 to 35% to capital cost over basic drinking-water treatment. Industrial process water requires only calcite and UV.
- Off-take agreement structure and minimum volume guarantee
- Project finance requires minimum guaranteed off-take of 70 to 80% of plant capacity. Shortfalls force the project company to absorb fixed debt service on underperforming assets.
Key regulations and standards
4
- WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (4th ed.)
- AWG production plants supplying drinking water must demonstrate compliance with WHO GDWQ for microbial, chemical, and physical parameters, including remineralisation to acceptable hardness and pH ranges.
- ISO 14040/14044 Life Cycle Assessment Standard
- ESG funders and sustainability-claiming buyers require third-party LCA of AWG plant carbon and water footprint. Documentation of electricity source (solar PPA or grid) and GHG intensity per m3 is mandatory for credible claims.
- ANSI/NSF 61 / WRAS Approval for Contact Materials
- All pipes, tanks, membranes, and fittings contacting treated water must carry ANSI/NSF 61 (international) or WRAS approval (UK). Non-compliant materials risk metal or chemical leaching into the product water.
- UK Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016
- UK-sited AWG production supplying the public must notify DWI and comply with WS(WQ)R 2016 parameters. This includes monitoring for 38 chemical, biological, and physical parameters at defined frequencies.